library(tidyverse)
## Loading tidyverse: ggplot2
## Loading tidyverse: tibble
## Loading tidyverse: tidyr
## Loading tidyverse: readr
## Loading tidyverse: purrr
## Loading tidyverse: dplyr
## Warning: package 'tidyr' was built under R version 3.4.2
## Warning: package 'purrr' was built under R version 3.4.2
## Warning: package 'dplyr' was built under R version 3.4.2
## Conflicts with tidy packages ----------------------------------------------
## filter(): dplyr, stats
## lag():    dplyr, stats
library(ggplot2)
library(dplyr)
library(ggthemes)
library(gridExtra)
## 
## Attaching package: 'gridExtra'
## The following object is masked from 'package:dplyr':
## 
##     combine

Motivation

We are interested in exploring domestic health policy through the lens of county-level health rankings, mortality data, and other relevant determinants of health. Across the United States, there is broad diversity and variation in health status, access to care, and health outcomes.

We are curious about the decline of life expectancy in the US (for the first time since the 1990s), and which groups of people (by location, race, income level, or other factors) experienced different changes in mortality and by what cause of death. This analysis could provide insights that could guide targeted health interventions for specific communities in the US.

Project Development

We wanted to dive further into mortality and attempt to understand the factors that contribute to high mortality rates in certain counties. With this in mind, we were curious about performing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for mortality. We found other literature where this method had been employed to understand mortality in developing countries, cardiovascular deaths among Native Americans, and malaria cases in Ghana.

Research Questions:

  1. Can we use PCA to understand the dominating factors that drive county-level mortality rates in the United States?
  2. Can applying PCA help to inform trends in mortality rates at the county level that can be used to tailor context-specific interventions?

Data Cleaning

Sources for Data Analysis:

For this project, we used the following data sources (all open access!):
US county health rankings
US county-level mortality data

Cleaning and Reshaping Life Expectancy and Mortality Data

Data was downloaded from IHME, the header cells were removed, formatting was removed, and it was saved into a .csv file for life expectancy and for mortality.

library(reshape2)
## 
## Attaching package: 'reshape2'
## The following object is masked from 'package:tidyr':
## 
##     smiths
library(rio)

Life Expectancy Data:

finalLE <- import("ledata.csv")

Mortality Data:

State-level mortality rates were downloaded from IHME and merged. Data were only available in state files.

Alaska <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_ALASKA_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
Alabama <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_ALABAMA_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
Arizona <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_ARIZONA_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
Arkansas <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_ARKANSAS_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
California <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_CALIFORNIA_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
COLORADO <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_COLORADO_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
CONNECTICUT <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_CONNECTICUT_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
DELAWARE <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_DELAWARE_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
DC <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_DISTRICT_OF_COLUMBIA_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
FLORIDA <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_FLORIDA_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
GEORGIA <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_GEORGIA_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
HAWAII <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_HAWAII_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
IDAHO <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_IDAHO_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
ILLINOIS <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_ILLINOIS_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
INDIANA <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_INDIANA_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
IOWA <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_IOWA_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
KANSAS <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_KANSAS_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
KENTUCKY <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_KENTUCKY_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
LOUISIANA <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_LOUISIANA_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
MAINE <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_MAINE_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
MARYLAND <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_MARYLAND_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
MASSACHUSETTS <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_MASSACHUSETTS_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
MIGHIGAN <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_MICHIGAN_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
MINNESOTA <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_MINNESOTA_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
MISSISSIPPI <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_MISSISSIPPI_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
MISSOURI <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_MISSOURI_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
MONTANA <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_MONTANA_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
NEBRASKA <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_NEBRASKA_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
NEVADA <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_NEVADA_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
NEWHAMPSHIRE <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_NEW_HAMPSHIRE_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
NEWJERSEY <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_NEW_JERSEY_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
NEWMEXICO <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_NEW_MEXICO_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
NEWYORK <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_NEW_YORK_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
NORTHCAROLINA <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_NORTH_CAROLINA_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
NORTHDAKOTA <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_NORTH_DAKOTA_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
OHIO <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_OHIO_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
OKLAHOMA <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_OKLAHOMA_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
OREGON <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_OREGON_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
PENNSYLVANIA <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_PENNSYLVANIA_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
RHODEISLAND <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_RHODE_ISLAND_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
SOUTHCAROLINA <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_SOUTH_CAROLINA_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
SOUTHDAKOTA <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_SOUTH_DAKOTA_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
TENNESSEE <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_TENNESSEE_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
TEXAS <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_TEXAS_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
UTAH <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_UTAH_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
VERMONT <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_VERMONT_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
VIRGINIA <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_VIRGINIA_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
WASHINGTON <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_WASHINGTON_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
WESTVIRGINIA <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_WEST_VIRGINIA_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
WISCONSIN <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_WISCONSIN_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
WYOMING <- import(file="IHMEdata/IHME_USA_COUNTY_MORTALITY_RATES_1980_2014_WYOMING_Y2017M05D19.csv" )
AllMortality <- rbind(Alaska, Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, COLORADO, CONNECTICUT, DELAWARE, DC, FLORIDA, GEORGIA, HAWAII, IDAHO, ILLINOIS, INDIANA, IOWA, KANSAS, KENTUCKY, LOUISIANA, MAINE,  MASSACHUSETTS, MARYLAND, MIGHIGAN, MINNESOTA, MISSISSIPPI, MISSOURI, MONTANA, NEBRASKA, NEVADA, NEWHAMPSHIRE, NEWYORK, NEWJERSEY, NEWMEXICO, NORTHCAROLINA, NORTHDAKOTA, OHIO, OKLAHOMA, OREGON, PENNSYLVANIA, RHODEISLAND, SOUTHCAROLINA, SOUTHDAKOTA, TENNESSEE, TEXAS, UTAH, VERMONT, VIRGINIA, WASHINGTON, WESTVIRGINIA, WISCONSIN, WYOMING) #merge all 51 states

AllMortality <- dplyr::filter(AllMortality, year_id >= 2010) # keep only data from 2010 - 2014

save(AllMortality, file="AllMortality.Rda")

Independent Variables from the RWJF

Prior to uploading to R, Excel files were downloaded from the RWJF Country Health ranking website for the year 2014. Files were examined in Excel and formatted correctly to make compatible with R. This included deleting rows above the header and identifying andrenaming variables relevant to the analysis.

IV_2014_1 <- import("IV_2014_1_csv.csv")

IV_2014_1 <- IV_2014_1[, -c(39:81)]

IV_2014_1$year <- NA
IV_2014_1 <- IV_2014_1[,c(1:3,39,4:38)]
IV_2014_1$year <- 2014

IV <- bind_rows(IV_2014_1) #Initial binding rows

str(IV_2014_1$X..Physically.Inactive)
##  NULL
names(IV_2014_1)[names(IV_2014_1) == 'X..Physically.Inactive'] <- 'inactive_percent' #Rename 2014 "Physically.Inactive" to "inactive_percent"

IV <- bind_rows(IV_2014_1)
str(IV)
## 'data.frame':    3141 obs. of  39 variables:
##  $ FIPS                 : int  1001 1003 1005 1007 1009 1011 1013 1015 1017 1019 ...
##  $ State                : chr  "Alabama" "Alabama" "Alabama" "Alabama" ...
##  $ County               : chr  "Autauga" "Baldwin" "Barbour" "Bibb" ...
##  $ year                 : num  2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 ...
##  $ N_RankedCounties     : int  67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 ...
##  $ HO_rank              : chr  "10" "2" "32" "51" ...
##  $ HO_quart             : chr  "1" "1" "2" "4" ...
##  $ HF_rank              : chr  "7" "6" "58" "38" ...
##  $ HF_quart             : chr  "1" "1" "4" "3" ...
##  $ MORT_rank            : chr  "7" "5" "22" "54" ...
##  $ MORT_quart           : chr  "1" "1" "2" "4" ...
##  $ MORB_rank            : chr  "21" "2" "50" "51" ...
##  $ MORT_quart.1         : chr  "2" "1" "3" "4" ...
##  $ HB_rank              : chr  "15" "9" "64" "42" ...
##  $ HB_quart             : chr  "1" "1" "4" "3" ...
##  $ CC_rank              : chr  "10" "8" "36" "33" ...
##  $ CC_quart             : chr  "1" "1" "3" "2" ...
##  $ SE_rank              : chr  "6" "7" "60" "40" ...
##  $ SE_quart             : chr  "1" "1" "4" "3" ...
##  $ PE_rank              : chr  "42" "49" "60" "19" ...
##  $ PE_quart             : chr  "3" "3" "4" "2" ...
##  $ Deaths               : int  729 2325 422 390 826 192 389 2042 643 470 ...
##  $ Population           : int  55514 190790 27201 22597 57826 10474 20307 117296 34064 26021 ...
##  $ YPPL_rate            : int  8376 7770 9458 11544 8506 9884 11006 11097 10368 9409 ...
##  $ Fair_percent         : int  23 13 23 18 24 23 20 23 39 24 ...
##  $ PPH_days             : num  5.1 3.3 4.8 4.7 5.9 4.2 3.9 5.2 5 6.1 ...
##  $ PMH_days             : num  3.6 3.8 4.3 5.1 3.9 NA 3.5 5.1 4.3 5.2 ...
##  $ LBW_percent          : num  9.3 8.9 12.3 12.7 7.7 13.7 10.4 9 11.7 8.9 ...
##  $ smoking_percent      : int  22 21 25 26 21 38 31 24 24 24 ...
##  $ Obese_percent        : int  31 27 37 34 30 42 38 33 35 31 ...
##  $ % Physically Inactive: int  29 28 35 37 35 33 37 33 39 34 ...
##  $ Binge_percent        : int  17 18 14 11 6 NA 11 12 NA 15 ...
##  $ CHL_100000           : int  447 302 874 466 175 1404 639 663 766 269 ...
##  $ TeenB_rate           : int  39 46 74 49 48 85 61 51 63 52 ...
##  $ Uninsure_percent     : int  14 17 19 16 18 16 16 17 18 17 ...
##  $ PCP_rate             : int  38 75 44 22 19 28 34 67 38 27 ...
##  $ diab_rate            : int  12 12 14 11 14 18 16 14 15 14 ...
##  $ unemploy_rate        : num  6.5 6.8 11.2 7.6 6.2 13.4 10.9 7.6 9.3 7.1 ...
##  $ Childpov_percent     : int  19 21 47 27 23 43 42 31 35 30 ...
names(IV)[names(IV) == 'ï..FIPS'] <- 'FIPS'
names(IV)[names(IV) == 'MORT_quart.1'] <- 'MORB_quart'

#Convert rows to numerics
IV$HO_rank <- as.numeric(IV$HO_rank)
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
IV$HO_quart <- as.numeric(as.character(IV$HO_quart))
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
IV$HF_rank <- as.numeric(IV$HF_rank)
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
IV$HF_quart <- as.numeric(as.character(IV$HF_quart))
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
IV$MORT_rank <- as.numeric(IV$MORT_rank)
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
IV$MORT_quart <- as.numeric(as.character(IV$MORT_quart))
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
IV$MORB_rank <- as.numeric(IV$MORB_rank)
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
IV$MORB_quart <- as.numeric(as.character(IV$MORB_quart))
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
IV$HB_rank <- as.numeric(IV$HB_rank)
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
IV$HB_quart <- as.numeric(as.character(IV$HB_quart))
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
IV$CC_rank <- as.numeric(IV$CC_rank)
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
IV$CC_quart <- as.numeric(as.character(IV$CC_quart))
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
IV$SE_rank <- as.numeric(IV$SE_rank)
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
IV$SE_quart <- as.numeric(as.character(IV$SE_quart))
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
IV$PE_rank <- as.numeric(IV$PE_rank)
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
IV$PE_quart <- as.numeric(as.character(IV$PE_quart))
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
#Examine structure of IV
str(IV)
## 'data.frame':    3141 obs. of  39 variables:
##  $ FIPS                 : int  1001 1003 1005 1007 1009 1011 1013 1015 1017 1019 ...
##  $ State                : chr  "Alabama" "Alabama" "Alabama" "Alabama" ...
##  $ County               : chr  "Autauga" "Baldwin" "Barbour" "Bibb" ...
##  $ year                 : num  2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 ...
##  $ N_RankedCounties     : int  67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 ...
##  $ HO_rank              : num  10 2 32 51 12 39 27 40 48 26 ...
##  $ HO_quart             : num  1 1 2 4 1 3 2 3 3 2 ...
##  $ HF_rank              : num  7 6 58 38 13 67 60 29 51 24 ...
##  $ HF_quart             : num  1 1 4 3 1 4 4 2 4 2 ...
##  $ MORT_rank            : num  7 5 22 54 9 28 46 50 34 20 ...
##  $ MORT_quart           : num  1 1 2 4 1 2 3 3 2 2 ...
##  $ MORB_rank            : num  21 2 50 51 20 54 12 35 59 42 ...
##  $ MORB_quart           : num  2 1 3 4 2 4 1 3 4 3 ...
##  $ HB_rank              : num  15 9 64 42 7 67 62 29 52 33 ...
##  $ HB_quart             : num  1 1 4 3 1 4 4 2 4 2 ...
##  $ CC_rank              : num  10 8 36 33 44 46 56 29 31 37 ...
##  $ CC_quart             : num  1 1 3 2 3 3 4 2 2 3 ...
##  $ SE_rank              : num  6 7 60 40 9 63 59 32 51 22 ...
##  $ SE_quart             : num  1 1 4 3 1 4 4 2 4 2 ...
##  $ PE_rank              : num  42 49 60 19 21 52 67 29 46 16 ...
##  $ PE_quart             : num  3 3 4 2 2 4 4 2 3 1 ...
##  $ Deaths               : int  729 2325 422 390 826 192 389 2042 643 470 ...
##  $ Population           : int  55514 190790 27201 22597 57826 10474 20307 117296 34064 26021 ...
##  $ YPPL_rate            : int  8376 7770 9458 11544 8506 9884 11006 11097 10368 9409 ...
##  $ Fair_percent         : int  23 13 23 18 24 23 20 23 39 24 ...
##  $ PPH_days             : num  5.1 3.3 4.8 4.7 5.9 4.2 3.9 5.2 5 6.1 ...
##  $ PMH_days             : num  3.6 3.8 4.3 5.1 3.9 NA 3.5 5.1 4.3 5.2 ...
##  $ LBW_percent          : num  9.3 8.9 12.3 12.7 7.7 13.7 10.4 9 11.7 8.9 ...
##  $ smoking_percent      : int  22 21 25 26 21 38 31 24 24 24 ...
##  $ Obese_percent        : int  31 27 37 34 30 42 38 33 35 31 ...
##  $ % Physically Inactive: int  29 28 35 37 35 33 37 33 39 34 ...
##  $ Binge_percent        : int  17 18 14 11 6 NA 11 12 NA 15 ...
##  $ CHL_100000           : int  447 302 874 466 175 1404 639 663 766 269 ...
##  $ TeenB_rate           : int  39 46 74 49 48 85 61 51 63 52 ...
##  $ Uninsure_percent     : int  14 17 19 16 18 16 16 17 18 17 ...
##  $ PCP_rate             : int  38 75 44 22 19 28 34 67 38 27 ...
##  $ diab_rate            : int  12 12 14 11 14 18 16 14 15 14 ...
##  $ unemploy_rate        : num  6.5 6.8 11.2 7.6 6.2 13.4 10.9 7.6 9.3 7.1 ...
##  $ Childpov_percent     : int  19 21 47 27 23 43 42 31 35 30 ...
save(IV,file="Predictors_1.Rda")

Z-Scores

The predictors were theh converted to z-scores to standardize the ranks.

#loading 2014 data
RWJFMeasures_2014  <- import("IV_2014_healthrank.csv")

str(RWJFMeasures_2014)
## 'data.frame':    3141 obs. of  48 variables:
##  $ FIPS                   : int  1001 1003 1005 1007 1009 1011 1013 1015 1017 1019 ...
##  $ State                  : chr  "Alabama" "Alabama" "Alabama" "Alabama" ...
##  $ County                 : chr  "Autauga" "Baldwin" "Barbour" "Bibb" ...
##  $ N_RankedCounties       : int  67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 ...
##  $ HO_rank                : chr  "10" "2" "32" "51" ...
##  $ HF_rank                : chr  "7" "6" "58" "38" ...
##  $ MORT_rank              : chr  "7" "5" "22" "54" ...
##  $ MORB_rank              : chr  "21" "2" "50" "51" ...
##  $ HB_rank                : chr  "15" "9" "64" "42" ...
##  $ CC_rank                : chr  "10" "8" "36" "33" ...
##  $ SE_rank                : chr  "6" "7" "60" "40" ...
##  $ PE_rank                : chr  "42" "49" "60" "19" ...
##  $ Deaths                 : int  729 2325 422 390 826 192 389 2042 643 470 ...
##  $ Population             : int  55514 190790 27201 22597 57826 10474 20307 117296 34064 26021 ...
##  $ YPPL_rate              : int  8376 7770 9458 11544 8506 9884 11006 11097 10368 9409 ...
##  $ Fair_percent           : int  23 13 23 18 24 23 20 23 39 24 ...
##  $ PPH_days               : num  5.1 3.3 4.8 4.7 5.9 4.2 3.9 5.2 5 6.1 ...
##  $ PMH_days               : num  3.6 3.8 4.3 5.1 3.9 NA 3.5 5.1 4.3 5.2 ...
##  $ LBW_percent            : num  9.3 8.9 12.3 12.7 7.7 13.7 10.4 9 11.7 8.9 ...
##  $ smoking_percent        : int  22 21 25 26 21 38 31 24 24 24 ...
##  $ Obese_percent          : int  31 27 37 34 30 42 38 33 35 31 ...
##  $ FoodEnv_Index          : int  7 8 5 8 9 4 6 7 6 8 ...
##  $ inactive_percent       : int  29 28 35 37 35 33 37 33 39 34 ...
##  $ Exercise_access_percent: int  59 58 11 18 15 29 47 41 34 15 ...
##  $ Binge_percent          : int  17 18 14 11 6 NA 11 12 NA 15 ...
##  $ CHL_100000             : int  447 302 874 466 175 1404 639 663 766 269 ...
##  $ TeenB_rate             : int  39 46 74 49 48 85 61 51 63 52 ...
##  $ Uninsure_percent       : int  14 17 19 16 18 16 16 17 18 17 ...
##  $ PCP_rate               : int  38 75 44 22 19 28 34 67 38 27 ...
##  $ dentist_rate           : int  27 44 33 16 19 16 29 46 23 15 ...
##  $ MHP_rate               : int  2 46 3 NA 3 8 19 63 NA 15 ...
##  $ acscrate               : int  75 54 101 90 91 91 128 92 89 100 ...
##  $ hbac_rate              : int  87 80 88 83 84 81 78 80 84 88 ...
##  $ mammo_percent          : num  66.6 67.1 64.5 62 62.8 48.5 58.1 55.2 65.8 59.6 ...
##  $ Hsgrad_rate            : int  80 74 61 73 81 73 72 79 80 72 ...
##  $ college_percent        : num  54.7 61.8 41.4 44.2 46.3 36 46.2 50.8 47.1 53.5 ...
##  $ unemploy_rate          : num  6.5 6.8 11.2 7.6 6.2 13.4 10.9 7.6 9.3 7.1 ...
##  $ Childpov_percent       : int  19 21 47 27 23 43 42 31 35 30 ...
##  $ social_assoc_rate      : int  24 19 18 29 14 NA 28 22 33 23 ...
##  $ singleparent_percent   : int  30 28 56 39 25 65 49 39 52 26 ...
##  $ violentcrime_rate      : int  303 213 154 254 164 334 453 553 576 336 ...
##  $ injurydeathrate        : int  70 76 53 98 89 103 71 78 78 81 ...
##  $ airpollution           : num  12.9 13.1 12.6 12.9 12.7 12.8 12.8 12.9 13 12.9 ...
##  $ drinkingwater_viol     : int  0 4 32 0 3 15 25 0 0 0 ...
##  $ severehousing_percent  : int  12 13 17 10 13 14 17 14 17 10 ...
##  $ driving_alone_percent  : int  88 83 83 82 80 84 89 84 84 81 ...
##  $ longcommute_percent    : int  42 35 32 50 60 45 32 27 33 42 ...
##  $ alc_drivingdeath       : int  25 32 48 28 23 40 15 20 25 30 ...
names(RWJFMeasures_2014)[names(RWJFMeasures_2014) == 'ï..FIPS'] <- 'FIPS'
RWJFMeasures_2014$HO_rank <- as.numeric(as.character(RWJFMeasures_2014$HO_rank))
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
RWJFMeasures_2014$HF_rank <- as.numeric(as.character(RWJFMeasures_2014$HF_rank))
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
RWJFMeasures_2014$MORT_rank <- as.numeric(as.character(RWJFMeasures_2014$MORT_rank))
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
RWJFMeasures_2014$MORB_rank <- as.numeric(as.character(RWJFMeasures_2014$MORB_rank))
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
RWJFMeasures_2014$HB_rank <- as.numeric(as.character(RWJFMeasures_2014$HB_rank))
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
RWJFMeasures_2014$CC_rank <- as.numeric(as.character(RWJFMeasures_2014$CC_rank))
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
RWJFMeasures_2014$SE_rank <- as.numeric(as.character(RWJFMeasures_2014$SE_rank))
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
RWJFMeasures_2014$PE_rank <- as.numeric(as.character(RWJFMeasures_2014$PE_rank))
## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
str(RWJFMeasures_2014)
## 'data.frame':    3141 obs. of  48 variables:
##  $ FIPS                   : int  1001 1003 1005 1007 1009 1011 1013 1015 1017 1019 ...
##  $ State                  : chr  "Alabama" "Alabama" "Alabama" "Alabama" ...
##  $ County                 : chr  "Autauga" "Baldwin" "Barbour" "Bibb" ...
##  $ N_RankedCounties       : int  67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 ...
##  $ HO_rank                : num  10 2 32 51 12 39 27 40 48 26 ...
##  $ HF_rank                : num  7 6 58 38 13 67 60 29 51 24 ...
##  $ MORT_rank              : num  7 5 22 54 9 28 46 50 34 20 ...
##  $ MORB_rank              : num  21 2 50 51 20 54 12 35 59 42 ...
##  $ HB_rank                : num  15 9 64 42 7 67 62 29 52 33 ...
##  $ CC_rank                : num  10 8 36 33 44 46 56 29 31 37 ...
##  $ SE_rank                : num  6 7 60 40 9 63 59 32 51 22 ...
##  $ PE_rank                : num  42 49 60 19 21 52 67 29 46 16 ...
##  $ Deaths                 : int  729 2325 422 390 826 192 389 2042 643 470 ...
##  $ Population             : int  55514 190790 27201 22597 57826 10474 20307 117296 34064 26021 ...
##  $ YPPL_rate              : int  8376 7770 9458 11544 8506 9884 11006 11097 10368 9409 ...
##  $ Fair_percent           : int  23 13 23 18 24 23 20 23 39 24 ...
##  $ PPH_days               : num  5.1 3.3 4.8 4.7 5.9 4.2 3.9 5.2 5 6.1 ...
##  $ PMH_days               : num  3.6 3.8 4.3 5.1 3.9 NA 3.5 5.1 4.3 5.2 ...
##  $ LBW_percent            : num  9.3 8.9 12.3 12.7 7.7 13.7 10.4 9 11.7 8.9 ...
##  $ smoking_percent        : int  22 21 25 26 21 38 31 24 24 24 ...
##  $ Obese_percent          : int  31 27 37 34 30 42 38 33 35 31 ...
##  $ FoodEnv_Index          : int  7 8 5 8 9 4 6 7 6 8 ...
##  $ inactive_percent       : int  29 28 35 37 35 33 37 33 39 34 ...
##  $ Exercise_access_percent: int  59 58 11 18 15 29 47 41 34 15 ...
##  $ Binge_percent          : int  17 18 14 11 6 NA 11 12 NA 15 ...
##  $ CHL_100000             : int  447 302 874 466 175 1404 639 663 766 269 ...
##  $ TeenB_rate             : int  39 46 74 49 48 85 61 51 63 52 ...
##  $ Uninsure_percent       : int  14 17 19 16 18 16 16 17 18 17 ...
##  $ PCP_rate               : int  38 75 44 22 19 28 34 67 38 27 ...
##  $ dentist_rate           : int  27 44 33 16 19 16 29 46 23 15 ...
##  $ MHP_rate               : int  2 46 3 NA 3 8 19 63 NA 15 ...
##  $ acscrate               : int  75 54 101 90 91 91 128 92 89 100 ...
##  $ hbac_rate              : int  87 80 88 83 84 81 78 80 84 88 ...
##  $ mammo_percent          : num  66.6 67.1 64.5 62 62.8 48.5 58.1 55.2 65.8 59.6 ...
##  $ Hsgrad_rate            : int  80 74 61 73 81 73 72 79 80 72 ...
##  $ college_percent        : num  54.7 61.8 41.4 44.2 46.3 36 46.2 50.8 47.1 53.5 ...
##  $ unemploy_rate          : num  6.5 6.8 11.2 7.6 6.2 13.4 10.9 7.6 9.3 7.1 ...
##  $ Childpov_percent       : int  19 21 47 27 23 43 42 31 35 30 ...
##  $ social_assoc_rate      : int  24 19 18 29 14 NA 28 22 33 23 ...
##  $ singleparent_percent   : int  30 28 56 39 25 65 49 39 52 26 ...
##  $ violentcrime_rate      : int  303 213 154 254 164 334 453 553 576 336 ...
##  $ injurydeathrate        : int  70 76 53 98 89 103 71 78 78 81 ...
##  $ airpollution           : num  12.9 13.1 12.6 12.9 12.7 12.8 12.8 12.9 13 12.9 ...
##  $ drinkingwater_viol     : int  0 4 32 0 3 15 25 0 0 0 ...
##  $ severehousing_percent  : int  12 13 17 10 13 14 17 14 17 10 ...
##  $ driving_alone_percent  : int  88 83 83 82 80 84 89 84 84 81 ...
##  $ longcommute_percent    : int  42 35 32 50 60 45 32 27 33 42 ...
##  $ alc_drivingdeath       : int  25 32 48 28 23 40 15 20 25 30 ...
RWJFMeasures_2014$HO_rank <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$HO_rank, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)

#Get zscores
RWJFMeasures_2014$HF_rank <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$HF_rank, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$MORT_rank <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$MORT_rank, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$MORB_rank <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$MORB_rank, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$HB_rank <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$HB_rank, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$CC_rank <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$CC_rank, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$SE_rank <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$SE_rank, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$PE_rank <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$PE_rank, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014 <- add_column(RWJFMeasures_2014, deaths_zscore="Deaths", .after = "Deaths")
RWJFMeasures_2014 <- add_column(RWJFMeasures_2014, pop_zscore="Population", .after = "Population")
RWJFMeasures_2014$deaths_zscore <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$Deaths, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$pop_zscore <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$Population, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$YPPL_rate <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$YPPL_rate, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$Fair_percent <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$Fair_percent, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$PPH_days <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$PPH_days, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$PMH_days <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$PMH_days, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$LBW_percent <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$LBW_percent, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$smoking_percent <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$smoking_percent, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$Obese_percent <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$Obese_percent, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$FoodEnv_Index <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$FoodEnv_Index, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$inactive_percent <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$inactive_percent, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$Exercise_access_percent <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$Exercise_access_percent, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$Binge_percent <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$Binge_percent, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$CHL_100000 <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$CHL_100000, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$TeenB_rate <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$TeenB_rate, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$Uninsure_percent <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$Uninsure_percent, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$PCP_rate <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$PCP_rate, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$dentist_rate <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$dentist_rate, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$MHP_rate <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$MHP_rate, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)

RWJFMeasures_2014$hbac_rate <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$hbac_rate, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$mammo_percent <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$mammo_percent, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$Hsgrad_rate <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$Hsgrad_rate, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$college_percent <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$college_percent, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$unemploy_rate <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$unemploy_rate, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$Childpov_percent <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$Childpov_percent, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)

RWJFMeasures_2014$singleparent_percent <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$singleparent_percent, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$social_assoc_rate <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$social_assoc_rate, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$violentcrime_rate <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$violentcrime_rate, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$airpollution <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$airpollution, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$drinkingwater_viol <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$drinkingwater_viol, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$severehousing_percent <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$severehousing_percent, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$driving_alone_percent <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$driving_alone_percent, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$longcommute_percent <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$longcommute_percent, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$alc_drivingdeath <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$alc_drivingdeath, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)

RWJFMeasures_2014$acscrate <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$acscrate, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)
RWJFMeasures_2014$injurydeathrate <- ave(RWJFMeasures_2014$injurydeathrate, RWJFMeasures_2014$State, FUN=scale)

save(RWJFMeasures_2014,file="RWJFMeasures_2014.Rda")

Finalize z-scores for performing PCA for Mississippi and West Virginia

Subset health factor variables only, removing county/state info

zscores <- RWJFMeasures_2014[c(1:4,22:50)] 

Filter to needed states

zMS_WV <- zscores %>% filter(State== "Mississippi" | State == "West Virginia") # two states with declining LE
save(zMS_WV, file="zMS_WV.rda")

Load .xlsx of factor names to merge during PCA analysis

factornames  <- import("factornames.xlsx")
## Warning in strptime(x, format, tz = tz): unknown timezone 'zone/tz/2017c.
## 1.0/zoneinfo/America/New_York'
save(factornames, file="factornames.rda")

Exploratory Data Analysis

Life Expectancy Decline

In order to get a better understanding of where the most serious decline in life expectancy from 2010 to 2014 is happening in the U.S., we used the below code to generate the list of counties with the largest decrease in life expectancy.

load(file = "finalLE.rda")
load(file = "AllMortality.rda")
load(file = "Predictors_1.rda")
#Order of counties with the largest decreased LE (from 2010 - 2014)
ind <- order(ledata$change) 
ledata$county[ind] 
##    [1] Calumet County                    Bristol City                     
##    [3] Breathitt County                  Lee County                       
##    [5] Owsley County                     Lee County                       
##    [7] Leslie County                     Walker County                    
##    [9] Union County                      Estill County                    
##   [11] Hardin County                     Scott County                     
##   [13] Grenada County                    Anderson County                  
##   [15] Okfuskee County                   Kiowa County                     
##   [17] Claiborne County                  Powell County                    
##   [19] Whitley County                    Citrus County                    
##   [21] Wolfe County                      East Feliciana Parish            
##   [23] Jefferson County                  Cocke County                     
##   [25] Benton County                     Poinsett County                  
##   [27] Glascock County                   Panola County                    
##   [29] Wayne County                      Beckham County                   
##   [31] Pittsburg County                  Grundy County                    
##   [33] Wheeler County                    Nicholas County                  
##   [35] Carroll County                    Neshoba County                   
##   [37] Iron County                       Union County                     
##   [39] Polk County                       Potter County                    
##   [41] Dixie County                      Hawkins County                   
##   [43] Alcorn County                     Decatur County                   
##   [45] Crenshaw County                   Walker County                    
##   [47] Gallatin County                   Magoffin County                  
##   [49] Chester County                    Wayne County                     
##   [51] Webster County                    Dunklin County                   
##   [53] Allen County                      Carroll County                   
##   [55] Macon County                      Wise County                      
##   [57] McDowell County                   Barren County                    
##   [59] McDonald County                   Cherokee County                  
##   [61] Marion County                     Pulaski County                   
##   [63] Genesee County                    Tishomingo County                
##   [65] Perry County                      Coleman County                   
##   [67] Logan County                      Mingo County                     
##   [69] Saint Clair County                Cross County                     
##   [71] Pike County                       Scott County                     
##   [73] Caldwell Parish                   Caddo County                     
##   [75] Henderson County                  Suwannee County                  
##   [77] Marshall County                   Graham County                    
##   [79] Cannon County                     Madison County                   
##   [81] Baltimore City                    Leake County                     
##   [83] Saint Francois County             Bedford County                   
##   [85] Lewis County                      White County                     
##   [87] Stephens County                   Jefferson County                 
##   [89] Franklin County                   McPherson County                 
##   [91] Knott County                      Rockcastle County                
##   [93] Cleveland County                  Tillman County                   
##   [95] Lake County                       Unicoi County                    
##   [97] Henry County                      Starke County                    
##   [99] Clinton County                    Hancock County                   
##  [101] Covington City                    Owen County                      
##  [103] Clay County                       Clinton County                   
##  [105] Harlan County                     Seminole County                  
##  [107] Galax City                        Marion County                    
##  [109] Lawrence County                   Jasper County                    
##  [111] Torrance County                   Houston County                   
##  [113] Scott County                      Cabell County                    
##  [115] Wise County                       Butts County                     
##  [117] Polk County                       Vermilion County                 
##  [119] Cotton County                     Chester County                   
##  [121] Coffee County                     Boone County                     
##  [123] Clark County                      Letcher County                   
##  [125] Macomb County                     Harrison County                  
##  [127] Bryan County                      Murray County                    
##  [129] Smith County                      Stewart County                   
##  [131] Adams County                      Cochran County                   
##  [133] Gray County                       Pulaski County                   
##  [135] Wood County                       Fayette County                   
##  [137] Franklin County                   Izard County                     
##  [139] Searcy County                     Sebastian County                 
##  [141] Otero County                      Murray County                    
##  [143] Fleming County                    Knox County                      
##  [145] Mason County                      Robertson County                 
##  [147] Beauregard Parish                 Jones County                     
##  [149] Washington County                 Carroll County                   
##  [151] Carter County                     Dewey County                     
##  [153] Stephens County                   Pickens County                   
##  [155] Lawrence County                   McMinn County                    
##  [157] Ochiltree County                  Mercer County                    
##  [159] Choctaw County                    Carroll County                   
##  [161] Covington County                  Independence County              
##  [163] Franklin Parish                   Benton County                    
##  [165] Holmes County                     Stone County                     
##  [167] Roosevelt County                  San Juan County                  
##  [169] Greer County                      Lane County                      
##  [171] Knox County                       Rhea County                      
##  [173] Winkler County                    Jackson County                   
##  [175] Dougherty County                  Catahoula Parish                 
##  [177] Berrien County                    Covington County                 
##  [179] Howell County                     Benson County                    
##  [181] Grady County                      Washita County                   
##  [183] Eastland County                   Giles County                     
##  [185] Franklin County                   Lamar County                     
##  [187] Toombs County                     Wayne County                     
##  [189] Johnson County                    Collingsworth County             
##  [191] Delta County                      Madison County                   
##  [193] Trinity County                    Blount County                    
##  [195] Drew County                       Jackson County                   
##  [197] Lawrence County                   White County                     
##  [199] Macon County                      Shawnee County                   
##  [201] Fulton County                     Muhlenberg County                
##  [203] Perry County                      Claiborne County                 
##  [205] Franklin County                   Newton County                    
##  [207] Tippah County                     Morgan County                    
##  [209] Crawford County                   Vinton County                    
##  [211] Harmon County                     Hamblen County                   
##  [213] Putnam County                     Trousdale County                 
##  [215] Armstrong County                  Freestone County                 
##  [217] Lamar County                      Loving County                    
##  [219] Tyler County                      Wilbarger County                 
##  [221] Young County                      Wyoming County                   
##  [223] Grayson County                    Morehouse Parish                 
##  [225] Yalobusha County                  Wayne County                     
##  [227] Butler County                     Perry County                     
##  [229] Sharp County                      Grant County                     
##  [231] Itawamba County                   De Baca County                   
##  [233] Linn County                       Campbell County                  
##  [235] Obion County                      Van Buren County                 
##  [237] Dickens County                    Foard County                     
##  [239] Cleburne County                   Madison County                   
##  [241] Evans County                      Bannock County                   
##  [243] Marion County                     Caldwell County                  
##  [245] Taylor County                     Sainte Genevieve County          
##  [247] Nye County                        Ellis County                     
##  [249] Kingfisher County                 Hickman County                   
##  [251] Humphreys County                  Jim Hogg County                  
##  [253] Sabine County                     Union County                     
##  [255] Hopkins County                    Hinds County                     
##  [257] Pulaski County                    Jefferson County                 
##  [259] Lincoln County                    Robertson County                 
##  [261] Maverick County                   Greenwood County                 
##  [263] Madison Parish                    Lawrence County                  
##  [265] Jeff Davis County                 Madison County                   
##  [267] Gallatin County                   Vanderburgh County               
##  [269] Monona County                     Reno County                      
##  [271] Union County                      Washington Parish                
##  [273] Laclede County                    Ozark County                     
##  [275] Wright County                     Sierra County                    
##  [277] Hamilton County                   Grant County                     
##  [279] Rogers County                     Sequoyah County                  
##  [281] Coke County                       Lowndes County                   
##  [283] Jasper County                     Jackson County                   
##  [285] Chautauqua County                 Floyd County                     
##  [287] Ingham County                     Randolph County                  
##  [289] Rockingham County                 Trumbull County                  
##  [291] DeKalb County                     Montague County                  
##  [293] Clay County                       Hancock County                   
##  [295] Little River County               Hart County                      
##  [297] Jackson County                    Livingston Parish                
##  [299] Coahoma County                    George County                    
##  [301] Jefferson County                  Eddy County                      
##  [303] Jackson County                    Klamath County                   
##  [305] Pickett County                    Bland County                     
##  [307] Berkeley County                   Lewis County                     
##  [309] Roane County                      Wilcox County                    
##  [311] Hot Spring County                 Nevada County                    
##  [313] Colquitt County                   Gibson County                    
##  [315] Saint Joseph County               Cowley County                    
##  [317] Labette County                    Osage County                     
##  [319] Crittenden County                 Cumberland County                
##  [321] Pike County                       Hillsborough County              
##  [323] Washington County                 Marlboro County                  
##  [325] Wayne County                      Bastrop County                   
##  [327] Nolan County                      Marshall County                  
##  [329] Marshall County                   Crawford County                  
##  [331] Anderson County                   Meigs County                     
##  [333] Colbert County                    Clarke County                    
##  [335] Montgomery County                 Red River Parish                 
##  [337] McCurtain County                  Washington County                
##  [339] Clay County                       Clay County                      
##  [341] Saline County                     Heard County                     
##  [343] Jefferson County                  Fulton County                    
##  [345] Jennings County                   Woodson County                   
##  [347] Saint Martin Parish               Adair County                     
##  [349] Rowan County                      Rutherford County                
##  [351] Summit County                     Love County                      
##  [353] Ottawa County                     Texas County                     
##  [355] Jackson County                    Aransas County                   
##  [357] Hood County                       Terrell County                   
##  [359] Wayne County                      Cherokee County                  
##  [361] Costilla County                   Haralson County                  
##  [363] Upson County                      Clark County                     
##  [365] Bracken County                    McCreary County                  
##  [367] Grant Parish                      Vernon County                    
##  [369] Lyon County                       Rio Arriba County                
##  [371] Eddy County                       Scioto County                    
##  [373] Cherokee County                   Carson County                    
##  [375] Navarro County                    Davis County                     
##  [377] Yell County                       Coffee County                    
##  [379] Lee County                        Alexander County                 
##  [381] Winnebago County                  Knox County                      
##  [383] Cerro Gordo County                Pointe Coupee Parish             
##  [385] Vernon Parish                     Caroline County                  
##  [387] Lawrence County                   Esmeralda County                 
##  [389] Beaver County                     Schleicher County                
##  [391] Cowlitz County                    Cullman County                   
##  [393] Macon County                      Chicot County                    
##  [395] Greene County                     Polk County                      
##  [397] Van Buren County                  Jenkins County                   
##  [399] Marion County                     Harvey County                    
##  [401] Lincoln County                    Livingston County                
##  [403] Ohio County                       Webster County                   
##  [405] Saint Landry Parish               Winn Parish                      
##  [407] Winston County                    Buchanan County                  
##  [409] Butler County                     Madison County                   
##  [411] Reynolds County                   Gallia County                    
##  [413] Pike County                       Muskogee County                  
##  [415] Grainger County                   Maury County                     
##  [417] Donley County                     Ector County                     
##  [419] Hardeman County                   Howard County                    
##  [421] Rains County                      Lynchburg City                   
##  [423] Grady County                      Pemiscot County                  
##  [425] Colfax County                     Westmoreland County              
##  [427] Overton County                    Dickenson County                 
##  [429] Pike County                       Clearwater County                
##  [431] Henry County                      Saint Clair County               
##  [433] Sheridan County                   Davidson County                  
##  [435] Lawrence County                   Coryell County                   
##  [437] Bibb County                       Ouachita County                  
##  [439] Boundary County                   LaSalle County                   
##  [441] Pottawattamie County              Garrard County                   
##  [443] Pontotoc County                   Yazoo County                     
##  [445] Yancey County                     Jackson County                   
##  [447] Harper County                     Henderson County                 
##  [449] Garland County                    Montgomery County                
##  [451] Bay County                        Allen County                     
##  [453] Allen County                      Elliott County                   
##  [455] Larue County                      Mercer County                    
##  [457] Russell County                    Avoyelles Parish                 
##  [459] Amite County                      Jasper County                    
##  [461] Tate County                       Cibola County                    
##  [463] Valencia County                   Columbiana County                
##  [465] Garfield County                   Washington County                
##  [467] Clay County                       Cumberland County                
##  [469] Brooks County                     Dimmit County                    
##  [471] Scurry County                     Beaver County                    
##  [473] Carbon County                     Escambia County                  
##  [475] Grant County                      Woodruff County                  
##  [477] Wapello County                    Menifee County                   
##  [479] Montgomery County                 Jackson County                   
##  [481] Custer County                     Erie County                      
##  [483] Bradley County                    Bosque County                    
##  [485] Hopewell City                     Hot Springs County               
##  [487] Ashley County                     Benton County                    
##  [489] Logan County                      Randolph County                  
##  [491] Carroll County                    Towns County                     
##  [493] Ford County                       Hardin County                    
##  [495] Marshall County                   Comanche County                  
##  [497] Neosho County                     Sedgwick County                  
##  [499] Wilson County                     Calloway County                  
##  [501] Logan County                      Martin County                    
##  [503] Metcalfe County                   Huron County                     
##  [505] Attala County                     Jefferson Davis County           
##  [507] Smith County                      Bates County                     
##  [509] Van Wert County                   Cherokee County                  
##  [511] Coal County                       Marshall County                  
##  [513] Pawnee County                     Laurens County                   
##  [515] Crockett County                   Johnson County                   
##  [517] Sullivan County                   Haskell County                   
##  [519] Hemphill County                   Milam County                     
##  [521] Kane County                       Floyd County                     
##  [523] Radford City                      Kenosha County                   
##  [525] Jefferson County                  Rice County                      
##  [527] Hanson County                     Patrick County                   
##  [529] Washington County                 Elk County                       
##  [531] Trimble County                    Andrew County                    
##  [533] Dade County                       Tipton County                    
##  [535] Hardin County                     Jefferson County                 
##  [537] Weber County                      Uinta County                     
##  [539] Randolph County                   Banks County                     
##  [541] Dade County                       Early County                     
##  [543] Ware County                       Cass County                      
##  [545] Clark County                      LaPorte County                   
##  [547] Orange County                     Logan County                     
##  [549] Bell County                       Green County                     
##  [551] Greenup County                    Owen County                      
##  [553] Calhoun County                    Clarke County                    
##  [555] Lee County                        Lincoln County                   
##  [557] Livingston County                 Webster County                   
##  [559] Renville County                   Darke County                     
##  [561] Fayette County                    Giles County                     
##  [563] Caldwell County                   Barbour County                   
##  [565] Boone County                      Carroll County                   
##  [567] Union County                      Mesa County                      
##  [569] Indian River County               Wakulla County                   
##  [571] Effingham County                  Elbert County                    
##  [573] Kankakee County                   Macoupin County                  
##  [575] Daviess County                    Floyd County                     
##  [577] Webster County                    Harper County                    
##  [579] Pratt County                      Nobles County                    
##  [581] Clay County                       Benton County                    
##  [583] Lafayette County                  Linn County                      
##  [585] Sandoval County                   Haywood County                   
##  [587] Preble County                     Atoka County                     
##  [589] Pontotoc County                   Pottawatomie County              
##  [591] Pushmataha County                 Wagoner County                   
##  [593] Armstrong County                  Lee County                       
##  [595] Sequatchie County                 Warren County                    
##  [597] Liberty County                    Newton County                    
##  [599] McDowell County                   Webster County                   
##  [601] Bristol Bay Borough               Gulf County                      
##  [603] Randolph County                   Cass County                      
##  [605] Trigg County                      Saint Joseph County              
##  [607] Tunica County                     Chaves County                    
##  [609] Lawrence County                   Garvin County                    
##  [611] Josephine County                  Greene County                    
##  [613] Callahan County                   Reagan County                    
##  [615] Randolph County                   Fond du Lac County               
##  [617] Green Lake County                 Bledsoe County                   
##  [619] Geneva County                     Pickens County                   
##  [621] Desha County                      Clark County                     
##  [623] Jay County                        Lee County                       
##  [625] Bourbon County                    Stafford County                  
##  [627] Bath County                       Harrison County                  
##  [629] Lyon County                       Monroe County                    
##  [631] Morgan County                     Pendleton County                 
##  [633] Simpson County                    Monroe County                    
##  [635] Lowndes County                    Union County                     
##  [637] Montgomery County                 Sullivan County                  
##  [639] Caldwell County                   Ashtabula County                 
##  [641] Comanche County                   Creek County                     
##  [643] Kay County                        Le Flore County                  
##  [645] Barnwell County                   Chesterfield County              
##  [647] Henry County                      Camp County                      
##  [649] Hall County                       Hamilton County                  
##  [651] Hansford County                   King County                      
##  [653] Panola County                     Russell County                   
##  [655] Chelan County                     Grays Harbor County              
##  [657] Ritchie County                    Rusk County                      
##  [659] Sawyer County                     Lamar County                     
##  [661] Montgomery County                 Hempstead County                 
##  [663] Prairie County                    Chattooga County                 
##  [665] Wilkinson County                  Worth County                     
##  [667] DeKalb County                     Kingman County                   
##  [669] Trego County                      Iosco County                     
##  [671] Chickasaw County                  Hancock County                   
##  [673] Ripley County                     Colfax County                    
##  [675] Noble County                      Cottle County                    
##  [677] Fisher County                     Lamb County                      
##  [679] Upshur County                     Lincoln County                   
##  [681] Putnam County                     Fulton County                    
##  [683] Howard County                     Madison County                   
##  [685] Stone County                      Tift County                      
##  [687] Stark County                      Elkhart County                   
##  [689] Perry County                      Monroe County                    
##  [691] Pottawatomie County               McLean County                    
##  [693] Caddo Parish                      Jefferson Davis Parish           
##  [695] Carroll County                    Carter County                    
##  [697] Dent County                       Scott County                     
##  [699] Dodge County                      Erie County                      
##  [701] Clay County                       Williams County                  
##  [703] Seneca County                     Delaware County                  
##  [705] Hughes County                     Major County                     
##  [707] Marion County                     Burleson County                  
##  [709] Kenedy County                     Iron County                      
##  [711] Lee County                        Natrona County                   
##  [713] Calhoun County                    Dallas County                    
##  [715] Pope County                       Volusia County                   
##  [717] Baldwin County                    Brooks County                    
##  [719] Grundy County                     Blackford County                 
##  [721] Lawrence County                   Marion County                    
##  [723] Randolph County                   Ripley County                    
##  [725] Barber County                     Breckinridge County              
##  [727] Christian County                  Bristol County                   
##  [729] Wilkin County                     Gasconade County                 
##  [731] Marion County                     Shannon County                   
##  [733] Strafford County                  Ocean County                     
##  [735] McKinley County                   Macon County                     
##  [737] Rolette County                    Brown County                     
##  [739] Latimer County                    Curry County                     
##  [741] Jefferson County                  Wayne County                     
##  [743] McNairy County                    Kaufman County                   
##  [745] Lavaca County                     Lee County                       
##  [747] Mitchell County                   Shelby County                    
##  [749] Sherman County                    Sevier County                    
##  [751] Braxton County                    Doddridge County                 
##  [753] Fayette County                    Upshur County                    
##  [755] Columbia County                   Appling County                   
##  [757] Greene County                     Brown County                     
##  [759] Claiborne Parish                  Brown County                     
##  [761] Robeson County                    Yadkin County                    
##  [763] Fentress County                   Hutchinson County                
##  [765] Jackson County                    Lynn County                      
##  [767] Palo Pinto County                 Salt Lake County                 
##  [769] Delta County                      Moffat County                    
##  [771] Smith County                      Graves County                    
##  [773] Washington County                 Ashe County                      
##  [775] Randolph County                   Brazoria County                  
##  [777] Clay County                       Lipscomb County                  
##  [779] Eau Claire County                 DeKalb County                    
##  [781] Marion County                     Cleveland County                 
##  [783] Faulkner County                   Lafayette County                 
##  [785] Perry County                      New London County                
##  [787] Marion County                     Lumpkin County                   
##  [789] Rabun County                      Spalding County                  
##  [791] Twin Falls County                 Franklin County                  
##  [793] Iroquois County                   Lee County                       
##  [795] Livingston County                 Rock Island County               
##  [797] Warren County                     Switzerland County               
##  [799] Washington County                 Chase County                     
##  [801] Cloud County                      Carter County                    
##  [803] Marion County                     Bienville Parish                 
##  [805] LaSalle Parish                    Lenawee County                   
##  [807] Pike County                       Caldwell County                  
##  [809] Cooper County                     Hickory County                   
##  [811] Bernalillo County                 Luna County                      
##  [813] Socorro County                    Madison County                   
##  [815] Clark County                      Clinton County                   
##  [817] Marion County                     Nowata County                    
##  [819] Meade County                      Lincoln County                   
##  [821] Dawson County                     Upton County                     
##  [823] Nicholas County                   Wirt County                      
##  [825] Buffalo County                    Juneau County                    
##  [827] Marathon County                   Lincoln County                   
##  [829] Charlton County                   Cook County                      
##  [831] Kalawao County                    Maui County                      
##  [833] De Witt County                    Ness County                      
##  [835] Rowan County                      Ouachita Parish                  
##  [837] Jefferson County                  Cedar County                     
##  [839] Shelby County                     Mitchell County                  
##  [841] Blaine County                     Okmulgee County                  
##  [843] Brown County                      McCulloch County                 
##  [845] Orange County                     Runnels County                   
##  [847] Wood County                       Stevens County                   
##  [849] Autauga County                    Dale County                      
##  [851] Gila County                       Echols County                    
##  [853] Jerome County                     Power County                     
##  [855] Delaware County                   Howard County                    
##  [857] Butler County                     Decatur County                   
##  [859] Union County                      Montgomery County                
##  [861] Casey County                      Saline County                    
##  [863] Treasure County                   Onslow County                    
##  [865] Pierce County                     Muskingum County                 
##  [867] Lycoming County                   Somerset County                  
##  [869] Oconee County                     Gibson County                    
##  [871] Roane County                      Irion County                     
##  [873] Oldham County                     Buchanan County                  
##  [875] Tuscaloosa County                 Conway County                    
##  [877] Johnson County                    Lonoke County                    
##  [879] Miller County                     Burke County                     
##  [881] Fannin County                     Irwin County                     
##  [883] Screven County                    Hamilton County                  
##  [885] Jefferson County                  Pope County                      
##  [887] Cherokee County                   Franklin County                  
##  [889] Kearny County                     Osborne County                   
##  [891] Carroll County                    Lewis County                     
##  [893] Scott County                      Concordia Parish                 
##  [895] West Feliciana Parish             Kittson County                   
##  [897] Monroe County                     Perry County                     
##  [899] Clark County                      Dallas County                    
##  [901] Douglas County                    Polk County                      
##  [903] Richland County                   Adams County                     
##  [905] Saline County                     Grant County                     
##  [907] Bowman County                     Ransom County                    
##  [909] Harrison County                   Hocking County                   
##  [911] Montgomery County                 Perry County                     
##  [913] Richland County                   Grant County                     
##  [915] Cheatham County                   Dyer County                      
##  [917] Sevier County                     Borden County                    
##  [919] Crane County                      Deaf Smith County                
##  [921] Duval County                      Jim Wells County                 
##  [923] Kent County                       Leon County                      
##  [925] Zavala County                     Wythe County                     
##  [927] Harrison County                   Wetzel County                    
##  [929] Sweetwater County                 Shoshone County                  
##  [931] Rooks County                      Sabine Parish                    
##  [933] Humphreys County                  Marion County                    
##  [935] Schuylkill County                 Carter County                    
##  [937] Calhoun County                    Moore County                     
##  [939] Navajo County                     Jackson County                   
##  [941] Edwards County                    Wilkinson County                 
##  [943] Ramsey County                     Woodward County                  
##  [945] Andrews County                    Childress County                 
##  [947] Harrison County                   Lauderdale County                
##  [949] Sevier County                     Jackson County                   
##  [951] Bacon County                      Lawrence County                  
##  [953] Mason County                      Montgomery County                
##  [955] Pulaski County                    Montgomery County                
##  [957] Dickinson County                  Graham County                    
##  [959] Lane County                       Scott County                     
##  [961] Jessamine County                  Madison County                   
##  [963] Ascension Parish                  Iberville Parish                 
##  [965] West Baton Rouge Parish           Oxford County                    
##  [967] Harrison County                   Newton County                    
##  [969] Morrill County                    Merrimack County                 
##  [971] Bladen County                     Swain County                     
##  [973] Nelson County                     Meigs County                     
##  [975] Monroe County                     Craig County                     
##  [977] Roger Mills County                Woods County                     
##  [979] Wasco County                      Union County                     
##  [981] Davison County                    Franklin County                  
##  [983] Hardeman County                   Lauderdale County                
##  [985] Loudon County                     Monroe County                    
##  [987] Wilson County                     Comanche County                  
##  [989] Cooke County                      DeWitt County                    
##  [991] Hale County                       Midland County                   
##  [993] Juab County                       Utah County                      
##  [995] Grayson County                    Hampton City                     
##  [997] Bradley County                    Sedgwick County                  
##  [999] Holmes County                     Terrell County                   
## [1001] Champaign County                  Greene County                    
## [1003] Vermillion County                 Palo Alto County                 
## [1005] Plymouth County                   Jackson Parish                   
## [1007] West Carroll Parish               Mississippi                      
## [1009] Montgomery County                 Wayne County                     
## [1011] Audrain County                    Barton County                    
## [1013] Knox County                       Macon County                     
## [1015] Furnas County                     Alamance County                  
## [1017] Johnston County                   Brookings County                 
## [1019] Hamlin County                     Marshall County                  
## [1021] Colorado County                   Grimes County                    
## [1023] San Augustine County              Tom Green County                 
## [1025] Carbon County                     Marshall County                  
## [1027] Cleburne County                   Craighead County                 
## [1029] Crittenden County                 Cheyenne County                  
## [1031] Ben Hill County                   Calhoun County                   
## [1033] Emanuel County                    Henry County                     
## [1035] Crawford County                   Kiowa County                     
## [1037] Todd County                       Saint Helena Parish              
## [1039] Wicomico County                   Johnson County                   
## [1041] Putnam County                     Orleans County                   
## [1043] Schenectady County                Highland County                  
## [1045] Lucas County                      Shelby County                    
## [1047] Cimarron County                   Lackawanna County                
## [1049] McCook County                     Crosby County                    
## [1051] Glasscock County                  Hunt County                      
## [1053] Jack County                       San Jacinto County               
## [1055] West Virginia                     Chambers County                  
## [1057] Conecuh County                    Greene County                    
## [1059] Calhoun County                    Monroe County                    
## [1061] Baca County                       Huerfano County                  
## [1063] Pueblo County                     Brevard County                   
## [1065] Candler County                    Catoosa County                   
## [1067] White County                      Hawaii County                    
## [1069] Cassia County                     Douglas County                   
## [1071] McDonough County                  Richland County                  
## [1073] Fulton County                     Steuben County                   
## [1075] Boone County                      Muscatine County                 
## [1077] Butler County                     Coffey County                    
## [1079] Phillips County                   Republic County                  
## [1081] Kentucky                          Anderson County                  
## [1083] Butler County                     Rapides Parish                   
## [1085] Bay County                        Montcalm County                  
## [1087] Clay County                       Greene County                    
## [1089] Monroe County                     Pike County                      
## [1091] Ralls County                      Lancaster County                 
## [1093] Lincoln County                    Merrick County                   
## [1095] Herkimer County                   Mercer County                    
## [1097] Coshocton County                  Oklahoma                         
## [1099] Bedford County                    Beadle County                    
## [1101] Polk County                       Weakley County                   
## [1103] Baylor County                     Floyd County                     
## [1105] Hill County                       Morris County                    
## [1107] Randall County                    Red River County                 
## [1109] Robertson County                  Ward County                      
## [1111] Wilson County                     Utah                             
## [1113] Alleghany County                  Danville City                    
## [1115] Halifax County                    Martinsville City                
## [1117] Pittsylvania County               Roanoke County                   
## [1119] Jackson County                    Pleasants County                 
## [1121] Jackson County                    Walworth County                  
## [1123] Arkansas                          Huntington County                
## [1125] Morton County                     Washburn County                  
## [1127] Humboldt County                   San Joaquin County               
## [1129] Hall County                       Wheeler County                   
## [1131] Clay County                       Decatur County                   
## [1133] Adams County                      Sac County                       
## [1135] Hamilton County                   Saint Charles Parish             
## [1137] Gentry County                     Ray County                       
## [1139] Clay County                       Wood County                      
## [1141] Allendale County                  Falls County                     
## [1143] Sterling County                   Coffee County                    
## [1145] Coosa County                      Elmore County                    
## [1147] Baxter County                     Clark County                     
## [1149] Kern County                       Oglethorpe County                
## [1151] Honolulu County                   Pike County                      
## [1153] Franklin County                   Marshall County                  
## [1155] Porter County                     Vigo County                      
## [1157] Allamakee County                  Poweshiek County                 
## [1159] Tama County                       Ellis County                     
## [1161] Greeley County                    Sumner County                    
## [1163] Wichita County                    Meade County                     
## [1165] Ogemaw County                     Otter Tail County                
## [1167] Cole County                       Miller County                    
## [1169] New Madrid County                 Oregon County                    
## [1171] Burt County                       Madison County                   
## [1173] Alleghany County                  Guilford County                  
## [1175] Walsh County                      Marion County                    
## [1177] Austin County                     Burnet County                    
## [1179] Kerr County                       Limestone County                 
## [1181] Motley County                     Gilmer County                    
## [1183] Burnett County                    Langlade County                  
## [1185] Big Horn County                   Etowah County                    
## [1187] Phillips County                   Washington County                
## [1189] Rio Grande County                 Floyd County                     
## [1191] Stewart County                    Benewah County                   
## [1193] Bonneville County                 Washington County                
## [1195] Massac County                     Saint Clair County               
## [1197] Indiana                           Crawford County                  
## [1199] Buchanan County                   Wayne County                     
## [1201] Gove County                       Calcasieu Parish                 
## [1203] Hillsdale County                  Kent County                      
## [1205] Osceola County                    Itasca County                    
## [1207] Martin County                     Lawrence County                  
## [1209] Osage County                      Fillmore County                  
## [1211] Curry County                      Allegany County                  
## [1213] Hoke County                       Butler County                    
## [1215] Luzerne County                    Kingsbury County                 
## [1217] Roberts County                    Dickson County                   
## [1219] Haywood County                    Bailey County                    
## [1221] Cherokee County                   Dallam County                    
## [1223] Ellis County                      Hockley County                   
## [1225] Pecos County                      Roberts County                   
## [1227] Rusk County                       Petersburg City                  
## [1229] Marshall County                   Preston County                   
## [1231] Grant County                      Jefferson County                 
## [1233] Columbia County                   Kiowa County                     
## [1235] Levy County                       Hawaii                           
## [1237] Johnson County                    Piatt County                     
## [1239] Tipton County                     Union County                     
## [1241] Ottawa County                     Cameron Parish                   
## [1243] Berkshire County                  Leflore County                   
## [1245] Camden County                     Phelps County                    
## [1247] Johnson County                    Lander County                    
## [1249] Stanly County                     Wilkes County                    
## [1251] Adair County                      Washington County                
## [1253] Sumter County                     Piute County                     
## [1255] Dane County                       Washington County                
## [1257] Crawford County                   Scott County                     
## [1259] Bent County                       Clinch County                    
## [1261] Jones County                      Macon County                     
## [1263] Peach County                      Morgan County                    
## [1265] Dubois County                     Noble County                     
## [1267] Appanoose County                  Carroll County                   
## [1269] Cass County                       Page County                      
## [1271] Edwards County                    Pawnee County                    
## [1273] Adair County                      Carlisle County                  
## [1275] Lafourche Parish                  Saint Tammany Parish             
## [1277] Webster Parish                    Ottawa County                    
## [1279] Sanilac County                    Copiah County                    
## [1281] Quitman County                    Chariton County                  
## [1283] Daviess County                    Howard County                    
## [1285] Lewis County                      Flathead County                  
## [1287] Musselshell County                Douglas County                   
## [1289] Hitchcock County                  Kearney County                   
## [1291] Nuckolls County                   Lincoln County                   
## [1293] Mineral County                    Lea County                       
## [1295] Mora County                       Quay County                      
## [1297] Roosevelt County                  San Miguel County                
## [1299] Union County                      Surry County                     
## [1301] Towner County                     Allen County                     
## [1303] Hardin County                     McClain County                   
## [1305] McIntosh County                   Oklahoma County                  
## [1307] Yamhill County                    Spartanburg County               
## [1309] Moore County                      Angelina County                  
## [1311] El Paso County                    Fannin County                    
## [1313] Garza County                      Houston County                   
## [1315] Jones County                      Lampasas County                  
## [1317] Nueces County                     Refugio County                   
## [1319] Shackelford County                Uvalde County                    
## [1321] Walker County                     Augusta County                   
## [1323] Staunton City                     Waynesboro City                  
## [1325] Okanogan County                   Ohio County                      
## [1327] Chippewa County                   Polk County                      
## [1329] Sauk County                       Putnam County                    
## [1331] Miller County                     Seminole County                  
## [1333] White County                      Woodford County                  
## [1335] Adair County                      Guthrie County                   
## [1337] Louisa County                     Clay County                      
## [1339] Finney County                     Haskell County                   
## [1341] Lyon County                       Boyle County                     
## [1343] Iberia Parish                     Vermilion Parish                 
## [1345] Worcester County                  Roscommon County                 
## [1347] Warren County                     Lincoln County                   
## [1349] Chase County                      New Mexico                       
## [1351] Susquehanna County                York County                      
## [1353] Gaines County                     Real County                      
## [1355] Stonewall County                  Nottoway County                  
## [1357] Shenandoah County                 Asotin County                    
## [1359] Thurston County                   Ashland County                   
## [1361] Marengo County                    Modoc County                     
## [1363] El Paso County                    Hartford County                  
## [1365] Gordon County                     Boone County                     
## [1367] Wabash County                     Humboldt County                  
## [1369] O'Brien County                    Polk County                      
## [1371] Stevens County                    Hancock County                   
## [1373] Franklin County                   Freeborn County                  
## [1375] Stone County                      Sanders County                   
## [1377] Cape May County                   Logan County                     
## [1379] Defiance County                   Huron County                     
## [1381] Williams County                   Lancaster County                 
## [1383] Brule County                      Codington County                 
## [1385] Tennessee                         Hamilton County                  
## [1387] Briscoe County                    Lubbock County                   
## [1389] Martin County                     King William County              
## [1391] Marion County                     Newton County                    
## [1393] Mineral County                    New Haven County                 
## [1395] Liberty County                    Morgan County                    
## [1397] Christian County                  Tazewell County                  
## [1399] Newton County                     Floyd County                     
## [1401] Henry County                      Kansas                           
## [1403] Geary County                      Spencer County                   
## [1405] Frederick County                  Clare County                     
## [1407] Missaukee County                  Beltrami County                  
## [1409] Cass County                       Rock County                      
## [1411] Schuyler County                   Otoe County                      
## [1413] Thayer County                     Guadalupe County                 
## [1415] Otero County                      Caswell County                   
## [1417] Logan County                      Lehigh County                    
## [1419] Day County                        Turner County                    
## [1421] Fayette County                    Frio County                      
## [1423] Swisher County                    Titus County                     
## [1425] Zapata County                     Emery County                     
## [1427] Pacific County                    Mason County                     
## [1429] Tyler County                      Columbia County                  
## [1431] Tallapoosa County                 Yuba County                      
## [1433] Berrien County                    Wayne County                     
## [1435] Audubon County                    Mahaska County                   
## [1437] Rush County                       Edmonson County                  
## [1439] Fayette County                    Hardin County                    
## [1441] Acadia Parish                     Chippewa County                  
## [1443] Adams County                      Walthall County                  
## [1445] Big Horn County                   Alexander County                 
## [1447] Sullivan County                   Jasper County                    
## [1449] Washington County                 Warren County                    
## [1451] Calhoun County                    Decatur County                   
## [1453] Howard County                     Linn County                      
## [1455] Wibaux County                     Sutton County                    
## [1457] Chilton County                    Southeast Fairbanks Census Area  
## [1459] Clarke County                     Crawford County                  
## [1461] Pierce County                     Sumter County                    
## [1463] Gooding County                    Payette County                   
## [1465] Adams County                      Saline County                    
## [1467] Morgan County                     Ohio County                      
## [1469] White County                      Harrison County                  
## [1471] Winnebago County                  Sherman County                   
## [1473] Ballard County                    Laurel County                    
## [1475] Warren County                     East Baton Rouge Parish          
## [1477] Saint John the Baptist Parish     Cecil County                     
## [1479] Marquette County                  Carlton County                   
## [1481] Isanti County                     Pipestone County                 
## [1483] Red Lake County                   Redwood County                   
## [1485] Prentiss County                   Sunflower County                 
## [1487] Taney County                      Warren County                    
## [1489] Webster County                    York County                      
## [1491] Churchill County                  New Hampshire                    
## [1493] Onondaga County                   Davie County                     
## [1495] Gaston County                     Barnes County                    
## [1497] Stark County                      Champaign County                 
## [1499] Canadian County                   Mayes County                     
## [1501] Payne County                      Union County                     
## [1503] Wyoming County                    Sanborn County                   
## [1505] Blount County                     Morgan County                    
## [1507] Erath County                      Live Oak County                  
## [1509] Medina County                     Smith County                     
## [1511] Throckmorton County               Wayne County                     
## [1513] Colonial Heights City             Page County                      
## [1515] Clark County                      Monroe County                    
## [1517] Price County                      Yavapai County                   
## [1519] Saint Francis County              Cumberland County                
## [1521] Sangamon County                   Williamson County                
## [1523] Henry County                      Oscoda County                    
## [1525] Shiawassee County                 Stearns County                   
## [1527] Cape Girardeau County             Maries County                    
## [1529] Moniteau County                   Perry County                     
## [1531] Stoddard County                   Nebraska                         
## [1533] Cumberland County                 Lincoln County                   
## [1535] Stutsman County                   Coos County                      
## [1537] Malheur County                    Bristol County                   
## [1539] Lake County                       Montgomery County                
## [1541] Somervell County                  Terry County                     
## [1543] Racine County                     Pike County                      
## [1545] Conejos County                    Logan County                     
## [1547] Brantley County                   Turner County                    
## [1549] Ada County                        Henderson County                 
## [1551] Putnam County                     Scott County                     
## [1553] Brown County                      Putnam County                    
## [1555] Emmet County                      Hamilton County                  
## [1557] Jackson County                    Lincoln County                   
## [1559] Campbell County                   Jefferson County                 
## [1561] East Carroll Parish               Terrebonne Parish                
## [1563] Essex County                      Saint Clair County               
## [1565] Washington County                 Franklin County                  
## [1567] Red Willow County                 Richardson County                
## [1569] Hidalgo County                    Steuben County                   
## [1571] Person County                     Adams County                     
## [1573] Ross County                       Campbell County                  
## [1575] Stanley County                    Atascosa County                  
## [1577] Chambers County                   Crockett County                  
## [1579] Waller County                     Yoakum County                    
## [1581] Box Elder County                  Franklin County                  
## [1583] Prince Edward County              Smyth County                     
## [1585] Mason County                      Sheridan County                  
## [1587] Tuolumne County                   Dolores County                   
## [1589] Litchfield County                 Franklin County                  
## [1591] Union County                      Clearwater County                
## [1593] Moultrie County                   Pike County                      
## [1595] Whitley County                    Cherokee County                  
## [1597] Greene County                     Linn County                      
## [1599] Shelby County                     Atchison County                  
## [1601] Decatur County                    Morris County                    
## [1603] Rawlins County                    Wallace County                   
## [1605] Anne Arundel County               Lyon County                      
## [1607] Bolivar County                    Tallahatchie County              
## [1609] Barry County                      Nodaway County                   
## [1611] Hill County                       Prairie County                   
## [1613] Knox County                       Sarpy County                     
## [1615] Salem County                      Montgomery County                
## [1617] Niagara County                    Avery County                     
## [1619] Harnett County                    Adams County                     
## [1621] Oliver County                     Greene County                    
## [1623] Wyandot County                    Beaver County                    
## [1625] Northampton County                Colleton County                  
## [1627] Darlington County                 Horry County                     
## [1629] Fall River County                 Madison County                   
## [1631] Victoria County                   Kitsap County                    
## [1633] Walla Walla County                Barron County                    
## [1635] Portage County                    Montgomery County                
## [1637] Warren County                     Bear Lake County                 
## [1639] Caribou County                    Clay County                      
## [1641] Mitchell County                   Lincoln Parish                   
## [1643] Pearl River County                Dixon County                     
## [1645] Nemaha County                     Eureka County                    
## [1647] Humboldt County                   Yates County                     
## [1649] Stokes County                     Haakon County                    
## [1651] Emporia City                      Greensville County               
## [1653] Madison County                    Limestone County                 
## [1655] Lee County                        Mitchell County                  
## [1657] Johnson County                    Hardin County                    
## [1659] Worth County                      Box Butte County                 
## [1661] Traill County                     Abbeville County                 
## [1663] McLennan County                   Tooele County                    
## [1665] Talladega County                  Anchorage Municipality           
## [1667] Sierra County                     Crowley County                   
## [1669] Rio Blanco County                 Calhoun County                   
## [1671] Taylor County                     Habersham County                 
## [1673] Putnam County                     Franklin County                  
## [1675] Gem County                        Kootenai County                  
## [1677] Crawford County                   Effingham County                 
## [1679] Hancock County                    Jasper County                    
## [1681] Benton County                     Fayette County                   
## [1683] Hendricks County                  Parke County                     
## [1685] Wells County                      Iowa                             
## [1687] Cedar County                      Dubuque County                   
## [1689] Fayette County                    Barton County                    
## [1691] Doniphan County                   Douglas County                   
## [1693] Russell County                    Thomas County                    
## [1695] Boyd County                       Hickman County                   
## [1697] Woodford County                   Washington County                
## [1699] Muskegon County                   Wexford County                   
## [1701] Kandiyohi County                  Morrison County                  
## [1703] Murray County                     Polk County                      
## [1705] Choctaw County                    Jackson County                   
## [1707] Texas County                      Thurston County                  
## [1709] Washington County                 Monroe County                    
## [1711] Iredell County                    Ohio                             
## [1713] Ashland County                    Columbia County                  
## [1715] Moody County                      Perkins County                   
## [1717] Archer County                     Castro County                    
## [1719] Franklin County                   Gregg County                     
## [1721] Grant County                      Greenbrier County                
## [1723] Summers County                    Campbell County                  
## [1725] Monroe County                     Gilchrist County                 
## [1727] Bryan County                      Hart County                      
## [1729] Twiggs County                     Edgar County                     
## [1731] Pulaski County                    Sullivan County                  
## [1733] Jackson County                    Louisiana                        
## [1735] Queen Anne's County               Franklin County                  
## [1737] Norfolk County                    Tuscola County                   
## [1739] Mahnomen County                   Wadena County                    
## [1741] Sharkey County                    Bollinger County                 
## [1743] Scotland County                   Rosebud County                   
## [1745] Pawnee County                     Phelps County                    
## [1747] Anson County                      Burke County                     
## [1749] Greene County                     Morrow County                    
## [1751] Wheeler County                    McKean County                    
## [1753] Warren County                     Saluda County                    
## [1755] Clark County                      Jerauld County                   
## [1757] Goliad County                     Starr County                     
## [1759] Van Zandt County                  Cache County                     
## [1761] Alabama                           Alamosa County                   
## [1763] Treutlen County                   Camas County                     
## [1765] Ogle County                       Jasper County                    
## [1767] Davis County                      Iowa County                      
## [1769] Van Buren County                  Saline County                    
## [1771] Henderson County                  Washington County                
## [1773] Bossier Parish                    Gladwin County                   
## [1775] Renville County                   Worth County                     
## [1777] Missoula County                   Clinton County                   
## [1779] Henderson County                  Grant County                     
## [1781] Tulsa County                      Aiken County                     
## [1783] Fairfield County                  Hutchinson County                
## [1785] Walworth County                   Menard County                    
## [1787] Nacogdoches County                Taylor County                    
## [1789] Willacy County                    Charlotte County                 
## [1791] Frederick County                  Clallam County                   
## [1793] Pocahontas County                 Brown County                     
## [1795] Lincoln County                    Marinette County                 
## [1797] Barbour County                    Hale County                      
## [1799] Arkansas County                   Dallas County                    
## [1801] Tehama County                     Okaloosa County                  
## [1803] Bulloch County                    Chattahoochee County             
## [1805] Johnson County                    Meriwether County                
## [1807] Newton County                     Perry County                     
## [1809] Adams County                      Bartholomew County               
## [1811] Boone County                      Fountain County                  
## [1813] Miami County                      Black Hawk County                
## [1815] Hancock County                    Ida County                       
## [1817] Lucas County                      Ringgold County                  
## [1819] Taylor County                     Washington County                
## [1821] Woodbury County                   Jefferson County                 
## [1823] Seward County                     Stanton County                   
## [1825] Bourbon County                    De Soto Parish                   
## [1827] Tangipahoa Parish                 Allegany County                  
## [1829] Dorchester County                 Michigan                         
## [1831] Kalkaska County                   Saginaw County                   
## [1833] Benton County                     Meeker County                    
## [1835] Pine County                       Sibley County                    
## [1837] DeSoto County                     Toole County                     
## [1839] Butler County                     Custer County                    
## [1841] Dawson County                     Gosper County                    
## [1843] Broome County                     Chemung County                   
## [1845] Tioga County                      Martin County                    
## [1847] Perquimans County                 Foster County                    
## [1849] Guernsey County                   Alfalfa County                   
## [1851] Benton County                     Jackson County                   
## [1853] Polk County                       Clarion County                   
## [1855] Dillon County                     Sumner County                    
## [1857] Culberson County                  Johnson County                   
## [1859] Kleberg County                    Knox County                      
## [1861] Mills County                      Garfield County                  
## [1863] Chesterfield County               Northampton County               
## [1865] Kanawha County                    Fremont County                   
## [1867] Las Animas County                 Tattnall County                  
## [1869] Oktibbeha County                  Currituck County                 
## [1871] Gilmer County                     Idaho                            
## [1873] Oneida County                     Logan County                     
## [1875] Lake County                       Chippewa County                  
## [1877] Lake County                       Lincoln County                   
## [1879] Fulton County                     Griggs County                    
## [1881] Ward County                       Erie County                      
## [1883] Mahoning County                   Parmer County                    
## [1885] San Patricio County               Converse County                  
## [1887] Winston County                    Matanuska-Susitna Borough        
## [1889] Apache County                     Shasta County                    
## [1891] Fremont County                    Montrose County                  
## [1893] Laurens County                    Minidoka County                  
## [1895] Menard County                     Rush County                      
## [1897] Anderson County                   Dickinson County                 
## [1899] Oakland County                    Grant County                     
## [1901] Mille Lacs County                 Ramsey County                    
## [1903] Atchison County                   Carson City                      
## [1905] Coos County                       Seneca County                    
## [1907] Forsyth County                    Kidder County                    
## [1909] Fulton County                     Mercer County                    
## [1911] Allegheny County                  Bradford County                  
## [1913] Hampton County                    McCormick County                 
## [1915] York County                       Miner County                     
## [1917] Kimble County                     Bath County                      
## [1919] Spokane County                    Crawford County                  
## [1921] Monroe County                     Washakie County                  
## [1923] Fairbanks North Star Borough      DeKalb County                    
## [1925] Schuyler County                   Clinton County                   
## [1927] Grant County                      Crawford County                  
## [1929] Jones County                      Sheridan County                  
## [1931] Tensas Parish                     Allegan County                   
## [1933] Emmet County                      Big Stone County                 
## [1935] Yellow Medicine County            Kemper County                    
## [1937] Noxubee County                    Chouteau County                  
## [1939] McCone County                     Gage County                      
## [1941] Hamilton County                   Harlan County                    
## [1943] Perkins County                    Rock County                      
## [1945] Burlington County                 Catawba County                   
## [1947] Craven County                     Wayne County                     
## [1949] Marion County                     Lancaster County                 
## [1951] Jefferson County                  Cameron County                   
## [1953] Reeves County                     Portsmouth City                  
## [1955] Adams County                      Lewis County                     
## [1957] Waushara County                   Choctaw County                   
## [1959] Connecticut                       Flagler County                   
## [1961] Pickens County                    Schley County                    
## [1963] Clinton County                    Mercer County                    
## [1965] Clay County                       Osceola County                   
## [1967] York County                       Lincoln County                   
## [1969] Steele County                     Christian County                 
## [1971] Grundy County                     Mercer County                    
## [1973] Mineral County                    Brown County                     
## [1975] Dundy County                      Seward County                    
## [1977] New Hanover County                North Dakota                     
## [1979] Haskell County                    Brown County                     
## [1981] Bandera County                    Hopkins County                   
## [1983] Rockwall County                   Dinwiddie County                 
## [1985] Orange County                     Houston County                   
## [1987] Plumas County                     Gadsden County                   
## [1989] Jefferson County                  Barrow County                    
## [1991] Lincoln County                    Wilcox County                    
## [1993] Canyon County                     Lemhi County                     
## [1995] Madison County                    Martin County                    
## [1997] Tippecanoe County                 Dickinson County                 
## [1999] Grundy County                     Story County                     
## [2001] Winneshiek County                 Ellsworth County                 
## [2003] Gray County                       Wabaunsee County                 
## [2005] Lincoln County                    Cheboygan County                 
## [2007] Clinton County                    Eaton County                     
## [2009] Ionia County                      Mason County                     
## [2011] Midland County                    Crow Wing County                 
## [2013] Simpson County                                                     
## [2015] Mississippi County                Dawson County                    
## [2017] Phillips County                   Ravalli County                   
## [2019] Kimball County                    Logan County                     
## [2021] Pierce County                     Lincoln County                   
## [2023] Halifax County                    Pamlico County                   
## [2025] Golden Valley County              Hettinger County                 
## [2027] Holmes County                     Stark County                     
## [2029] Clatsop County                    Wallowa County                   
## [2031] Franklin County                   Perry County                     
## [2033] Potter County                     Kershaw County                   
## [2035] Deuel County                      Potter County                    
## [2037] Bee County                        Hartley County                   
## [2039] Millard County                    Appomattox County                
## [2041] Calhoun County                    Montmorency County               
## [2043] Dickey County                     Wilkes County                    
## [2045] Shelby County                     McCracken County                 
## [2047] Evangeline Parish                 Aroostook County                 
## [2049] Benzie County                     Scott County                     
## [2051] Fallon County                     Douglas County                   
## [2053] White Pine County                 Sampson County                   
## [2055] Wells County                      Hancock County                   
## [2057] Lyman County                      Wichita County                   
## [2059] Culpeper County                   Ferry County                     
## [2061] Vernon County                     Glenn County                     
## [2063] Jersey County                     Jo Daviess County                
## [2065] Nemaha County                     Shelby County                    
## [2067] Saint Bernard Parish              Piscataquis County               
## [2069] Carroll County                    Isabella County                  
## [2071] Schoolcraft County                Cottonwood County                
## [2073] Pennington County                 Clay County                      
## [2075] Holt County                       Park County                      
## [2077] Cass County                       Thomas County                    
## [2079] Oneida County                     Warren County                    
## [2081] Grand Forks County                Morton County                    
## [2083] Baker County                      Hood River County                
## [2085] Tillamook County                  Clinton County                   
## [2087] Montour County                    Bexar County                     
## [2089] Brazos County                     Fayette County                   
## [2091] Grayson County                    Whitman County                   
## [2093] Morgan County                     Vilas County                     
## [2095] Weston County                     Montezuma County                 
## [2097] Windham County                    Taylor County                    
## [2099] Elmore County                     Idaho County                     
## [2101] Knox County                       Carroll County                   
## [2103] Buena Vista County                Wright County                    
## [2105] Meade County                      Miami County                     
## [2107] Norton County                     Riley County                     
## [2109] Franklin County                   Nelson County                    
## [2111] Oldham County                     Union Parish                     
## [2113] Sagadahoc County                  Hampden County                   
## [2115] Crawford County                   Houghton County                  
## [2117] Iron County                       Blue Earth County                
## [2119] Mower County                      Norman County                    
## [2121] Madison County                    DeKalb County                    
## [2123] Polk County                       Hertford County                  
## [2125] Scotland County                   Morgan County                    
## [2127] Crawford County                   Calhoun County                   
## [2129] Richland County                   Clay County                      
## [2131] McPherson County                  Bowie County                     
## [2133] Gonzales County                   Wharton County                   
## [2135] Bennington County                 Rutland County                   
## [2137] Amelia County                     Tazewell County                  
## [2139] Westmoreland County               Douglas County                   
## [2141] Pend Oreille County               Manitowoc County                 
## [2143] Calaveras County                  Fresno County                    
## [2145] Bingham County                    Lincoln County                   
## [2147] Fayette County                    Dearborn County                  
## [2149] Des Moines County                 Madison County                   
## [2151] Mills County                      Grant County                     
## [2153] Hancock County                    Dodge County                     
## [2155] Fergus County                     Powell County                    
## [2157] Scotts Bluff County               Billings County                  
## [2159] Athens County                     Medina County                    
## [2161] Providence County                 Cass County                      
## [2163] Kinney County                     Pendleton County                 
## [2165] Tucker County                     Wyoming                          
## [2167] Lafayette County                  Sheridan County                  
## [2169] Divide County                     Lake County                      
## [2171] Merced County                     Prowers County                   
## [2173] Yuma County                       Okeechobee County                
## [2175] Pasco County                      Polk County                      
## [2177] Walton County                     Washington County                
## [2179] Clark County                      Lewis County                     
## [2181] Jackson County                    LaGrange County                  
## [2183] Benton County                     Warren County                    
## [2185] Jewell County                     Marshall County                  
## [2187] Washington County                 Richland Parish                  
## [2189] Gogebic County                    Manistee County                  
## [2191] Traverse County                   Winona County                    
## [2193] Callaway County                   Golden Valley County             
## [2195] Yellowstone County                Cuming County                    
## [2197] Valley County                     Genesee County                   
## [2199] Oswego County                     Franklin County                  
## [2201] Vance County                      Bottineau County                 
## [2203] Portage County                    Tuscarawas County                
## [2205] Oregon                            Butler County                    
## [2207] Columbia County                   Aurora County                    
## [2209] Hughes County                     Edwards County                   
## [2211] Guadalupe County                  McMullen County                  
## [2213] Sanpete County                    Washington County                
## [2215] Campbell County                   Essex County                     
## [2217] Hardy County                      Forest County                    
## [2219] Kewaunee County                   Siskiyou County                  
## [2221] Kit Carson County                 Dodge County                     
## [2223] Illinois                          Washington County                
## [2225] Kosciusko County                  Monroe County                    
## [2227] Calhoun County                    Keokuk County                    
## [2229] Kossuth County                    Lyon County                      
## [2231] Saint Mary Parish                 Barry County                     
## [2233] Fillmore County                   Todd County                      
## [2235] Issaquena County                  Pettis County                    
## [2237] Custer County                     Garfield County                  
## [2239] Washington County                 Auglaize County                  
## [2241] Union County                      Washington County                
## [2243] Indiana County                    Karnes County                    
## [2245] Llano County                      Daggett County                   
## [2247] Richland County                   Platte County                    
## [2249] Henry County                      Phillips County                  
## [2251] Baker County                      Hamilton County                  
## [2253] Lake County                       Forsyth County                   
## [2255] Quitman County                    Peoria County                    
## [2257] Whiteside County                  Fremont County                   
## [2259] Pocahontas County                 Bullitt County                   
## [2261] Barnstable County                 Lapeer County                    
## [2263] Livingston County                 Oceana County                    
## [2265] Ontonagon County                  Jackson County                   
## [2267] Rice County                       Meagher County                   
## [2269] Nance County                      Platte County                    
## [2271] Stanton County                    Elko County                      
## [2273] Grafton County                    Sullivan County                  
## [2275] Taos County                       Nash County                      
## [2277] McHenry County                    McLean County                    
## [2279] Carbon County                     Yankton County                   
## [2281] Concho County                     Middlesex County                 
## [2283] Norton City                       Brooke County                    
## [2285] Wisconsin                         Marquette County                 
## [2287] Waupaca County                    Escambia County                  
## [2289] Bartow County                     Paulding County                  
## [2291] Carroll County                    Harrison County                  
## [2293] Franklin County                   Jefferson County                 
## [2295] Mitchell County                   Wyandotte County                 
## [2297] Kenton County                     Allen Parish                     
## [2299] Maine                             Arenac County                    
## [2301] Olmsted County                    Greene County                    
## [2303] Pondera County                    Loup County                      
## [2305] Edgecombe County                  Northampton County               
## [2307] Cass County                       Miami County                     
## [2309] Paulding County                   Warren County                    
## [2311] Douglas County                    Beaufort County                  
## [2313] Matagorda County                  Grand County                     
## [2315] Accomack County                   Craig County                     
## [2317] Gloucester County                 Greene County                    
## [2319] Henrico County                    Taylor County                    
## [2321] Clark County                      La Crosse County                 
## [2323] Saint Croix County                Teller County                    
## [2325] Camden County                     Bond County                      
## [2327] Wabash County                     Cumberland County                
## [2329] Buffalo County                    Garden County                    
## [2331] Cuyahoga County                   Gregory County                   
## [2333] Todd County                       Harrisonburg City                
## [2335] Rockingham County                 Wahkiakum County                 
## [2337] Johnson County                    Clarke County                    
## [2339] Jasper County                     Licking County                   
## [2341] Salem City                        Alaska                           
## [2343] Pulaski County                    Del Norte County                 
## [2345] Adams County                      Arapahoe County                  
## [2347] Boulder County                    Broomfield County                
## [2349] Denver County                     Jefferson County                 
## [2351] Weld County                       Bleckley County                  
## [2353] Crisp County                      Talbot County                    
## [2355] Bonner County                     Daviess County                   
## [2357] Saint Mary's County               Massachusetts                    
## [2359] Hampshire County                  Wayne County                     
## [2361] Kanabec County                    Watonwan County                  
## [2363] Forrest County                    Montana                          
## [2365] Daniels County                    Judith Basin County              
## [2367] Teton County                      Banner County                    
## [2369] Deuel County                      Hayes County                     
## [2371] Rockingham County                 Chautauqua County                
## [2373] Gates County                      Jones County                     
## [2375] Watauga County                    Sandusky County                  
## [2377] Pennsylvania                      Dewey County                     
## [2379] Galveston County                  Stephens County                  
## [2381] Richmond County                   Whatcom County                   
## [2383] Oneida County                     Rock County                      
## [2385] Goshen County                     Mobile County                    
## [2387] La Plata County                   Hernando County                  
## [2389] Nassau County                     Adams County                     
## [2391] Bureau County                     Will County                      
## [2393] Van Buren County                  Holt County                      
## [2395] Howard County                     Sioux County                     
## [2397] Storey County                     Harding County                   
## [2399] Pender County                     Polk County                      
## [2401] Montgomery County                 Williamsburg County              
## [2403] Tripp County                      Uintah County                    
## [2405] Franklin City                     Mathews County                   
## [2407] Southampton County                Washington                       
## [2409] Grant County                      Crook County                     
## [2411] Henry County                      Owyhee County                    
## [2413] Clinton County                    Penobscot County                 
## [2415] Alcona County                     Faribault County                 
## [2417] Cascade County                    Belknap County                   
## [2419] Burke County                      Lake County                      
## [2421] Lorain County                     Fulton County                    
## [2423] Rhode Island                      Caroline County                  
## [2425] Norfolk City                      Monongalia County                
## [2427] Raleigh County                    Douglas County                   
## [2429] Park County                       Sumter County                    
## [2431] Colorado                          Lafayette County                 
## [2433] Atkinson County                   Monroe County                    
## [2435] Warren County                     Warrick County                   
## [2437] Chickasaw County                  Delaware County                  
## [2439] Assumption Parish                 Gratiot County                   
## [2441] Mecosta County                    Newaygo County                   
## [2443] Chisago County                    Douglas County                   
## [2445] Houston County                    Petroleum County                 
## [2447] Stillwater County                 Blaine County                    
## [2449] Dawes County                      Saunders County                  
## [2451] Rensselaer County                 Montgomery County                
## [2453] Henry County                      Gilliam County                   
## [2455] Adams County                      Monroe County                    
## [2457] Venango County                    Butte County                     
## [2459] Faulk County                      Bell County                      
## [2461] Webb County                       Orange County                    
## [2463] Lancaster County                  Door County                      
## [2465] Sublette County                   Lanier County                    
## [2467] Jefferson County                  Stephenson County                
## [2469] Madison County                    Posey County                     
## [2471] Becker County                     Morrow County                    
## [2473] Spink County                      James City County                
## [2475] Williamsburg City                 Shawano County                   
## [2477] Butte County                      Grand Traverse County            
## [2479] Aitkin County                     Le Sueur County                  
## [2481] Wheatland County                  Green County                     
## [2483] Valdez-Cordova Census Area        Greenlee County                  
## [2485] Saguache County                   Kent County                      
## [2487] Hancock County                    Webster County                   
## [2489] Latah County                      Nez Perce County                 
## [2491] Brown County                      Boone County                     
## [2493] Natchitoches Parish               Minnesota                        
## [2495] Hubbard County                    Waseca County                    
## [2497] Lauderdale County                 Cherry County                    
## [2499] Cheyenne County                   Camden County                    
## [2501] North Carolina                    Richmond County                  
## [2503] Emmons County                     Pickaway County                  
## [2505] Crook County                      Forest County                    
## [2507] Huntingdon County                 Northumberland County            
## [2509] Bamberg County                    Clarendon County                 
## [2511] Dallas County                     Mason County                     
## [2513] Duchesne County                   Columbia County                  
## [2515] Snohomish County                  Yakima County                    
## [2517] Lincoln County                    Archuleta County                 
## [2519] Lincoln County                    Marion County                    
## [2521] Troup County                      Ford County                      
## [2523] Hodgeman County                   Charlevoix County                
## [2525] Nicollet County                   Roseau County                    
## [2527] Swift County                      Glacier County                   
## [2529] Dakota County                     Keya Paha County                 
## [2531] Atlantic County                   Catron County                    
## [2533] Chenango County                   Pasquotank County                
## [2535] Berks County                      South Dakota                     
## [2537] Douglas County                    Rich County                      
## [2539] Buckingham County                 Hanover County                   
## [2541] Klickitat County                  Dunn County                      
## [2543] Trinity County                    Lake County                      
## [2545] McLean County                     Johnson County                   
## [2547] Androscoggin County               Alpena County                    
## [2549] Pope County                       Jefferson County                 
## [2551] Lake County                       Arthur County                    
## [2553] Wheeler County                    Beaufort County                  
## [2555] Lenoir County                     McIntosh County                  
## [2557] Putnam County                     Elk County                       
## [2559] Harding County                    Newport News City                
## [2561] York County                       Pierce County                    
## [2563] Juneau City and Borough           Maricopa County                  
## [2565] Mississippi County                Santa Cruz County                
## [2567] Saint Johns County                Liberty County                   
## [2569] Randolph County                   Walton County                    
## [2571] Marion County                     Dallas County                    
## [2573] Waldo County                      Cass County                      
## [2575] Carter County                     Powder River County              
## [2577] Boyd County                       Cortland County                  
## [2579] Ontario County                    Camden County                    
## [2581] Jackson County                    Wake County                      
## [2583] Fairfield County                  Knox County                      
## [2585] Lake County                       Jefferson County                 
## [2587] Edmunds County                    Lawrence County                  
## [2589] Sully County                      Union County                     
## [2591] Blanco County                     Caledonia County                 
## [2593] Orleans County                    Botetourt County                 
## [2595] Clarke County                     Skamania County                  
## [2597] Hampshire County                  Oconto County                    
## [2599] Harford County                    Lewis and Clark County           
## [2601] Texas                             Bradford County                  
## [2603] Plymouth County                   Saint Louis County               
## [2605] Richland County                   Jones County                     
## [2607] Jefferson County                  Jefferson County                 
## [2609] Alpine County                     El Dorado County                 
## [2611] Gilpin County                     Oconee County                    
## [2613] Taliaferro County                 Cook County                      
## [2615] Kendall County                    Calvert County                   
## [2617] Talbot County                     Branch County                    
## [2619] McLeod County                     Wright County                    
## [2621] Lamar County                      Boone County                     
## [2623] Passaic County                    Brunswick County                 
## [2625] Columbus County                   Pitt County                      
## [2627] Sheridan County                   Osage County                     
## [2629] Mifflin County                    South Carolina                   
## [2631] Hidalgo County                    San Saba County                  
## [2633] Chesapeake City                   Cumberland County                
## [2635] Lunenburg County                  Poquoson City                    
## [2637] Sussex County                     Lincoln County                   
## [2639] Albany County                     Niobrara County                  
## [2641] Graham County                     Amador County                    
## [2643] Nevada County                     Garfield County                  
## [2645] Middlesex County                  Martin County                    
## [2647] Bibb County                       Clayton County                   
## [2649] Johnson County                    Sioux County                     
## [2651] Jefferson Parish                  Kennebec County                  
## [2653] Otsego County                     Lake of the Woods County         
## [2655] Deer Lodge County                 Pershing County                  
## [2657] Bon Homme County                  Corson County                    
## [2659] Parker County                     Isle of Wight County             
## [2661] Mecklenburg County                Bayfield County                  
## [2663] Florence County                   Waukesha County                  
## [2665] Lowndes County                    Baraga County                    
## [2667] Scott County                      Burleigh County                  
## [2669] Newport County                    Greenville County                
## [2671] Jackson County                    Lexington City                   
## [2673] Trempealeau County                Bullock County                   
## [2675] Bethel Census Area                Haines Borough                   
## [2677] Ketchikan Gateway Borough         Petersburg Borough               
## [2679] Prince of Wales-Hyder Census Area Wrangell City and Borough        
## [2681] Larimer County                    Fairfield County                 
## [2683] Clay County                       McDuffie County                  
## [2685] Rockdale County                   Thomas County                    
## [2687] Whitfield County                  Monroe County                    
## [2689] Spencer County                    Cheyenne County                  
## [2691] Lac qui Parle County              Jackson County                   
## [2693] Hooker County                     Keith County                     
## [2695] Sherman County                    Wayne County                     
## [2697] Gloucester County                 Cayuga County                    
## [2699] Madison County                    Schuyler County                  
## [2701] Sioux County                      Edgefield County                 
## [2703] Florence County                   Newberry County                  
## [2705] Marshall County                   Kendall County                   
## [2707] Windsor County                    Amherst County                   
## [2709] Nelson County                     Prince George County             
## [2711] Winchester City                   Skagit County                    
## [2713] Winnebago County                  Custer County                    
## [2715] Somerset County                   Kent County                      
## [2717] Cass County                       Saint Louis County               
## [2719] Broadwater County                 Montgomery County                
## [2721] Iron County                       Pepin County                     
## [2723] United States                     Sacramento County                
## [2725] San Juan County                   Santa Rosa County                
## [2727] Clay County                       DuPage County                    
## [2729] McHenry County                    Garrett County                   
## [2731] Platte County                     Valley County                    
## [2733] Frontier County                   Cheshire County                  
## [2735] Somerset County                   Franklin County                  
## [2737] Wayne County                      Wyoming County                   
## [2739] Carteret County                   Madison County                   
## [2741] Harney County                     Sherman County                   
## [2743] Mercer County                     Tioga County                     
## [2745] Shelby County                     Highland County                  
## [2747] Virginia Beach City               King County                      
## [2749] Pierce County                     San Juan County                  
## [2751] Washington County                 Mariposa County                  
## [2753] Kauai County                      Bremer County                    
## [2755] Saint James Parish                Franklin County                  
## [2757] Greene County                     Otsego County                    
## [2759] Chowan County                     Dare County                      
## [2761] Moore County                      LaMoure County                   
## [2763] Steele County                     Logan County                     
## [2765] Greene County                     Morgan County                    
## [2767] Santa Barbara County              Delaware County                  
## [2769] Mellette County                   Madison County                   
## [2771] Highlands County                  Houston County                   
## [2773] Richmond County                   Boone County                     
## [2775] Benton County                     Baldwin County                   
## [2777] Denali Borough                    Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area        
## [2779] Arizona                           Park County                      
## [2781] Hardee County                     Dooly County                     
## [2783] Delta County                      Menominee County                 
## [2785] Presque Isle County               Wabasha County                   
## [2787] Washington County                 Union County                     
## [2789] Los Alamos County                 Orange County                    
## [2791] Ulster County                     Granville County                 
## [2793] Pembina County                    Umatilla County                  
## [2795] Kent County                       Washington County                
## [2797] Jeff Davis County                 Williamson County                
## [2799] Vermont                           Garfield County                  
## [2801] Morgan County                     Santa Cruz County                
## [2803] Butte County                      Napa County                      
## [2805] Goodhue County                    Lake County                      
## [2807] Sweet Grass County                Hall County                      
## [2809] Bertie County                     Transylvania County              
## [2811] Clackamas County                  Grant County                     
## [2813] Multnomah County                  Fayette County                   
## [2815] Charles Mix County                Harris County                    
## [2817] Franklin County                   Kenai Peninsula Borough          
## [2819] Coconino County                   Mendocino County                 
## [2821] Morgan County                     Washington County                
## [2823] Leavenworth County                Knox County                      
## [2825] Silver Bow County                 Cambria County                   
## [2827] Dorchester County                 Orangeburg County                
## [2829] Summit County                     Lamoille County                  
## [2831] Washington County                 Franklin County                  
## [2833] Island County                     Georgia                          
## [2835] Telfair County                    Plaquemines Parish               
## [2837] Middlesex County                  Hennepin County                  
## [2839] Blaine County                     Jefferson County                 
## [2841] Antelope County                   Morris County                    
## [2843] Santa Fe County                   Dutchess County                  
## [2845] Suffolk County                    Buncombe County                  
## [2847] Dunn County                       Slope County                     
## [2849] Chester County                    Clearfield County                
## [2851] Greenwood County                  Buffalo County                   
## [2853] Wasatch County                    Goochland County                 
## [2855] Sheboygan County                  Sussex County                    
## [2857] Harris County                     Westchester County               
## [2859] Hand County                       Virginia                         
## [2861] Long County                       Alger County                     
## [2863] Saint Charles County              Montgomery County                
## [2865] Stanislaus County                 Elbert County                    
## [2867] Jackson County                    San Miguel County                
## [2869] Seminole County                   Dawson County                    
## [2871] Douglas County                    Boise County                     
## [2873] Coles County                      Koochiching County               
## [2875] McPherson County                  Schoharie County                 
## [2877] Warren County                     Lincoln County                   
## [2879] Hyde County                       Lincoln County                   
## [2881] Val Verde County                  Fauquier County                  
## [2883] Fluvanna County                   Washington County                
## [2885] Iowa County                       Cochise County                   
## [2887] Ventura County                    Ouray County                     
## [2889] Gwinnett County                   Somerset County                  
## [2891] Carver County                     Carroll County                   
## [2893] Bergen County                     Columbia County                  
## [2895] Hamilton County                   Franklin County                  
## [2897] Anderson County                   La Salle County                  
## [2899] Presidio County                   Rappahannock County              
## [2901] Milwaukee County                  La Paz County                    
## [2903] Yuma County                       Henry County                     
## [2905] Gallatin County                   Sullivan County                  
## [2907] Cameron County                    Cumberland County                
## [2909] Snyder County                     Minnehaha County                 
## [2911] Worcester County                  Stevens County                   
## [2913] Liberty County                    Dona Ana County                  
## [2915] Tompkins County                   Duplin County                    
## [2917] Lee County                        Ottawa County                    
## [2919] Dauphin County                    Brewster County                  
## [2921] Buena Vista City                  King George County               
## [2923] King and Queen County             Rockbridge County                
## [2925] Lafayette County                  Custer County                    
## [2927] Dakota County                     New Jersey                       
## [2929] Clermont County                   Pima County                      
## [2931] Mono County                       Cedar County                     
## [2933] Grand Isle County                 Inyo County                      
## [2935] Lassen County                     Saint Lucie County               
## [2937] Coweta County                     Teton County                     
## [2939] Kane County                       Scott County                     
## [2941] Anoka County                      Beaverhead County                
## [2943] Warren County                     Lewis County                     
## [2945] Geauga County                     Blair County                     
## [2947] Juniata County                    Davidson County                  
## [2949] Shelby County                     Hillsborough County              
## [2951] Leon County                       Blaine County                    
## [2953] Fremont County                    Shelby County                    
## [2955] Antrim County                     Kalamazoo County                 
## [2957] Mackinac County                   Cabarrus County                  
## [2959] Rutherford County                 San Juan County                  
## [2961] Northumberland County             Mineral County                   
## [2963] Luce County                       Greeley County                   
## [2965] Wayne County                      Fredericksburg City              
## [2967] Louisa County                     Spotsylvania County              
## [2969] Kusilvak Census Area              Glynn County                     
## [2971] Washtenaw County                  Garfield County                  
## [2973] Monmouth County                   Sussex County                    
## [2975] Cattaraugus County                Saratoga County                  
## [2977] Mecklenburg County                Noble County                     
## [2979] Bucks County                      Windham County                   
## [2981] Maryland                          Leelanau County                  
## [2983] Marshall County                   Laramie County                   
## [2985] Gunnison County                   Alachua County                   
## [2987] Cook County                       Nevada                           
## [2989] New York                          Cumberland County                
## [2991] Washington County                 Sargent County                   
## [2993] Bennett County                    Gillespie County                 
## [2995] Hudspeth County                   Wood County                      
## [2997] Clear Creek County                Charlotte County                 
## [2999] Greene County                     Muscogee County                  
## [3001] Pulaski County                    Lafayette Parish                 
## [3003] Carbon County                     Granite County                   
## [3005] Cavalier County                   Addison County                   
## [3007] Chittenden County                 Bedford County                   
## [3009] Charles City County               Grand County                     
## [3011] Washoe County                     Cleveland County                 
## [3013] New Kent County                   Jefferson County                 
## [3015] Taylor County                     Albany County                    
## [3017] Suffolk City                      San Benito County                
## [3019] Delaware                          Chatham County                   
## [3021] Cobb County                       Essex County                     
## [3023] Hyde County                       Mountrail County                 
## [3025] Delaware County                   Philadelphia County              
## [3027] Georgetown County                 Powhatan County                  
## [3029] Kittitas County                   Comal County                     
## [3031] Sarasota County                   Baker County                     
## [3033] Fayette County                    Jefferson County                 
## [3035] Wilson County                     Albemarle County                 
## [3037] Charlottesville City              Outagamie County                 
## [3039] Palm Beach County                 McIntosh County                  
## [3041] Dukes County                      Middlesex County                 
## [3043] Union County                      Denton County                    
## [3045] Essex County                      Pennington County                
## [3047] Placer County                     Queens County                    
## [3049] Delaware County                   Orange County                    
## [3051] San Bernardino County             Hinsdale County                  
## [3053] Osceola County                    Pinellas County                  
## [3055] Hamilton County                   Hancock County                   
## [3057] Madison County                    Clark County                     
## [3059] Mercer County                     Lebanon County                   
## [3061] Pike County                       Custer County                    
## [3063] Brunswick County                  Surry County                     
## [3065] Mohave County                     Sutter County                    
## [3067] Duval County                      Nantucket County                 
## [3069] Grant County                      Routt County                     
## [3071] Sherburne County                  Tyrrell County                   
## [3073] Berkeley County                   Ziebach County                   
## [3075] Tarrant County                    Contra Costa County              
## [3077] Kings County                      Madera County                    
## [3079] Santa Clara County                Tulare County                    
## [3081] Florida                           Livingston County                
## [3083] Belmont County                    Arlington County                 
## [3085] Charles County                    Nassau County                    
## [3087] Douglas County                    Tolland County                   
## [3089] Manatee County                    Columbia County                  
## [3091] Valley County                     Richmond County                  
## [3093] Sitka City and Borough            Riverside County                 
## [3095] Chaffee County                    Hoonah-Angoon Census Area        
## [3097] Skagway Municipality              Yakutat City and Borough         
## [3099] Hays County                       Lake County                      
## [3101] California                        Saint Lawrence County            
## [3103] Dillingham Census Area            Lake and Peninsula Borough       
## [3105] Yolo County                       Saint Louis City                 
## [3107] Union County                      Collin County                    
## [3109] Nome Census Area                  Roanoke City                     
## [3111] Stafford County                   Ozaukee County                   
## [3113] Northwest Arctic Borough          Imperial County                  
## [3115] Solano County                     Summit County                    
## [3117] New Castle County                 Rankin County                    
## [3119] Deschutes County                  Lexington County                 
## [3121] Williamson County                 Fairfax City                     
## [3123] Fairfax County                    Monterey County                  
## [3125] Teton County                      Hunterdon County                 
## [3127] Dodge County                      Pitkin County                    
## [3129] Orange County                     Kodiak Island Borough            
## [3131] Baltimore County                  Keweenaw County                  
## [3133] Putnam County                     McKenzie County                  
## [3135] Alameda County                    Colusa County                    
## [3137] Glades County                     Monroe County                    
## [3139] San Luis Obispo County            Manassas City                    
## [3141] Manassas Park City                Prince William County            
## [3143] Russell County                    Oglala Lakota County             
## [3145] Travis County                     Loudoun County                   
## [3147] San Diego County                  Falls Church City                
## [3149] DeSoto County                     Clayton County                   
## [3151] Orleans Parish                    Hendry County                    
## [3153] Calhoun County                    Eagle County                     
## [3155] Menominee County                  DeKalb County                    
## [3157] Pinal County                      Howard County                    
## [3159] Chatham County                    Centre County                    
## [3161] Jasper County                     Los Angeles County               
## [3163] Johnston County                   Bronx County                     
## [3165] Charleston County                 Fort Bend County                 
## [3167] Fulton County                     North Slope Borough              
## [3169] District of Columbia              District of Columbia             
## [3171] New York County                   Lee County                       
## [3173] Suffolk County                    Marin County                     
## [3175] Hudson County                     Alexandria City                  
## [3177] Orange County                     Durham County                    
## [3179] Sonoma County                     Sumter County                    
## [3181] San Mateo County                  Richmond City                    
## [3183] Rockland County                   Cherokee County                  
## [3185] Montgomery County                 Prince George's County           
## [3187] Miami-Dade County                 Kings County                     
## [3189] San Francisco County              Collier County                   
## [3191] Essex County                      Aleutians East Borough           
## [3193] Aleutians West Census Area        Broward County                   
## 1928 Levels:  Abbeville County Acadia Parish Accomack County ... Ziebach County
ledata$change[ind]
##    [1] -0.76 -0.73 -0.66 -0.65 -0.65 -0.64 -0.56 -0.55 -0.55 -0.54 -0.53
##   [12] -0.53 -0.52 -0.51 -0.51 -0.49 -0.49 -0.48 -0.48 -0.47 -0.47 -0.47
##   [23] -0.46 -0.46 -0.46 -0.44 -0.44 -0.44 -0.43 -0.43 -0.43 -0.43 -0.43
##   [34] -0.43 -0.42 -0.42 -0.42 -0.42 -0.42 -0.42 -0.42 -0.41 -0.41 -0.41
##   [45] -0.40 -0.40 -0.40 -0.40 -0.40 -0.40 -0.40 -0.40 -0.39 -0.39 -0.39
##   [56] -0.39 -0.38 -0.38 -0.38 -0.38 -0.38 -0.37 -0.37 -0.37 -0.37 -0.37
##   [67] -0.37 -0.37 -0.37 -0.36 -0.36 -0.36 -0.36 -0.36 -0.36 -0.35 -0.35
##   [78] -0.35 -0.35 -0.34 -0.34 -0.34 -0.34 -0.34 -0.34 -0.34 -0.34 -0.33
##   [89] -0.33 -0.33 -0.33 -0.33 -0.33 -0.33 -0.33 -0.33 -0.33 -0.32 -0.32
##  [100] -0.32 -0.32 -0.32 -0.32 -0.32 -0.32 -0.32 -0.32 -0.31 -0.31 -0.31
##  [111] -0.31 -0.31 -0.31 -0.31 -0.30 -0.30 -0.30 -0.30 -0.30 -0.30 -0.30
##  [122] -0.30 -0.29 -0.29 -0.29 -0.29 -0.29 -0.29 -0.29 -0.29 -0.29 -0.29
##  [133] -0.29 -0.29 -0.29 -0.28 -0.28 -0.28 -0.28 -0.28 -0.28 -0.28 -0.28
##  [144] -0.28 -0.28 -0.28 -0.28 -0.28 -0.28 -0.28 -0.28 -0.28 -0.28 -0.28
##  [155] -0.28 -0.28 -0.28 -0.28 -0.28 -0.27 -0.27 -0.27 -0.27 -0.27 -0.27
##  [166] -0.27 -0.27 -0.27 -0.27 -0.27 -0.27 -0.27 -0.27 -0.26 -0.26 -0.26
##  [177] -0.26 -0.26 -0.26 -0.26 -0.26 -0.26 -0.26 -0.26 -0.26 -0.26 -0.26
##  [188] -0.26 -0.26 -0.26 -0.26 -0.26 -0.26 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25
##  [199] -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25
##  [210] -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25
##  [221] -0.25 -0.25 -0.24 -0.24 -0.24 -0.24 -0.24 -0.24 -0.24 -0.24 -0.24
##  [232] -0.24 -0.24 -0.24 -0.24 -0.24 -0.24 -0.24 -0.23 -0.23 -0.23 -0.23
##  [243] -0.23 -0.23 -0.23 -0.23 -0.23 -0.23 -0.23 -0.23 -0.23 -0.23 -0.23
##  [254] -0.23 -0.23 -0.23 -0.23 -0.23 -0.23 -0.23 -0.23 -0.22 -0.22 -0.22
##  [265] -0.22 -0.22 -0.22 -0.22 -0.22 -0.22 -0.22 -0.22 -0.22 -0.22 -0.22
##  [276] -0.22 -0.22 -0.22 -0.22 -0.22 -0.22 -0.21 -0.21 -0.21 -0.21 -0.21
##  [287] -0.21 -0.21 -0.21 -0.21 -0.21 -0.21 -0.21 -0.21 -0.21 -0.21 -0.21
##  [298] -0.21 -0.21 -0.21 -0.21 -0.21 -0.21 -0.21 -0.21 -0.21 -0.21 -0.21
##  [309] -0.21 -0.20 -0.20 -0.20 -0.20 -0.20 -0.20 -0.20 -0.20 -0.20 -0.20
##  [320] -0.20 -0.20 -0.20 -0.20 -0.20 -0.20 -0.20 -0.20 -0.20 -0.20 -0.20
##  [331] -0.20 -0.20 -0.19 -0.19 -0.19 -0.19 -0.19 -0.19 -0.19 -0.19 -0.19
##  [342] -0.19 -0.19 -0.19 -0.19 -0.19 -0.19 -0.19 -0.19 -0.19 -0.19 -0.19
##  [353] -0.19 -0.19 -0.19 -0.19 -0.19 -0.19 -0.19 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18
##  [364] -0.18 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18
##  [375] -0.18 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18
##  [386] -0.18 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17
##  [397] -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17
##  [408] -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17
##  [419] -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.16
##  [430] -0.16 -0.16 -0.16 -0.16 -0.16 -0.16 -0.16 -0.16 -0.16 -0.16 -0.16
##  [441] -0.16 -0.16 -0.16 -0.16 -0.16 -0.16 -0.16 -0.16 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15
##  [452] -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15
##  [463] -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15
##  [474] -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15
##  [485] -0.15 -0.15 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14
##  [496] -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14
##  [507] -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14
##  [518] -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14
##  [529] -0.13 -0.13 -0.13 -0.13 -0.13 -0.13 -0.13 -0.13 -0.13 -0.13 -0.13
##  [540] -0.13 -0.13 -0.13 -0.13 -0.13 -0.13 -0.13 -0.13 -0.13 -0.13 -0.13
##  [551] -0.13 -0.13 -0.13 -0.13 -0.13 -0.13 -0.13 -0.13 -0.13 -0.13 -0.13
##  [562] -0.13 -0.13 -0.13 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12
##  [573] -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12
##  [584] -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12
##  [595] -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12
##  [606] -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12
##  [617] -0.12 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11
##  [628] -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11
##  [639] -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11
##  [650] -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.11 -0.10
##  [661] -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10
##  [672] -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10
##  [683] -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10
##  [694] -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10
##  [705] -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09
##  [716] -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09
##  [727] -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09
##  [738] -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09
##  [749] -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09
##  [760] -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09 -0.08 -0.08
##  [771] -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08
##  [782] -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08
##  [793] -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08
##  [804] -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08
##  [815] -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08
##  [826] -0.08 -0.08 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07
##  [837] -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07
##  [848] -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07
##  [859] -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07
##  [870] -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06
##  [881] -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06
##  [892] -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06
##  [903] -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06
##  [914] -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06
##  [925] -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06
##  [936] -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05
##  [947] -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05
##  [958] -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05
##  [969] -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05
##  [980] -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05
##  [991] -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04
## [1002] -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04
## [1013] -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04
## [1024] -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04
## [1035] -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04
## [1046] -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.03
## [1057] -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03
## [1068] -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03
## [1079] -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03
## [1090] -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03
## [1101] -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03
## [1112] -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03
## [1123] -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02
## [1134] -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02
## [1145] -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02
## [1156] -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02
## [1167] -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02
## [1178] -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
## [1189] -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
## [1200] -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
## [1211] -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
## [1222] -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
## [1233] -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
## [1244] -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
## [1255] -0.01  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00
## [1266]  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00
## [1277]  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00
## [1288]  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00
## [1299]  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00
## [1310]  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00
## [1321]  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.00  0.01  0.01
## [1332]  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01
## [1343]  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01
## [1354]  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01
## [1365]  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01
## [1376]  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01
## [1387]  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02
## [1398]  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02
## [1409]  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02
## [1420]  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02
## [1431]  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02
## [1442]  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.03
## [1453]  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03
## [1464]  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03
## [1475]  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03
## [1486]  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03
## [1497]  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03
## [1508]  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.03  0.04
## [1519]  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04
## [1530]  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04
## [1541]  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04
## [1552]  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04
## [1563]  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04
## [1574]  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04  0.04
## [1585]  0.04  0.04  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05
## [1596]  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05
## [1607]  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05
## [1618]  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05
## [1629]  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05
## [1640]  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.05
## [1651]  0.05  0.05  0.05  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06
## [1662]  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06
## [1673]  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06
## [1684]  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06
## [1695]  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06
## [1706]  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06
## [1717]  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.07  0.07  0.07
## [1728]  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07
## [1739]  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07
## [1750]  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07
## [1761]  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07
## [1772]  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07
## [1783]  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.07
## [1794]  0.07  0.07  0.07  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08
## [1805]  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08
## [1816]  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08
## [1827]  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08
## [1838]  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08
## [1849]  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08
## [1860]  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08  0.08
## [1871]  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09
## [1882]  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09
## [1893]  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09
## [1904]  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09
## [1915]  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.09  0.10  0.10  0.10
## [1926]  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10
## [1937]  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10
## [1948]  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10
## [1959]  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10
## [1970]  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10
## [1981]  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.10  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11
## [1992]  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11
## [2003]  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11
## [2014]  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11
## [2025]  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11
## [2036]  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.11  0.12  0.12  0.12
## [2047]  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12
## [2058]  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12
## [2069]  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12
## [2080]  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12
## [2091]  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.12  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13
## [2102]  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13
## [2113]  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13
## [2124]  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13
## [2135]  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13
## [2146]  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13
## [2157]  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.13  0.14
## [2168]  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14
## [2179]  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14
## [2190]  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14
## [2201]  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14
## [2212]  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.14  0.15  0.15  0.15
## [2223]  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15
## [2234]  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15
## [2245]  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15
## [2256]  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15
## [2267]  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15
## [2278]  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.15  0.16
## [2289]  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16
## [2300]  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16
## [2311]  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16
## [2322]  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16
## [2333]  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.16  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17
## [2344]  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17
## [2355]  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17
## [2366]  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17
## [2377]  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.18  0.18
## [2388]  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18
## [2399]  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18
## [2410]  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18
## [2421]  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.18  0.19  0.19
## [2432]  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19
## [2443]  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19
## [2454]  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19
## [2465]  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19  0.19
## [2476]  0.19  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.20
## [2487]  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.20
## [2498]  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.20
## [2509]  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.20  0.21  0.21
## [2520]  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21
## [2531]  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21
## [2542]  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21
## [2553]  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.21  0.22
## [2564]  0.22  0.22  0.22  0.22  0.22  0.22  0.22  0.22  0.22  0.22  0.22
## [2575]  0.22  0.22  0.22  0.22  0.22  0.22  0.22  0.22  0.22  0.22  0.22
## [2586]  0.22  0.22  0.22  0.22  0.22  0.22  0.22  0.22  0.22  0.22  0.22
## [2597]  0.22  0.22  0.22  0.22  0.22  0.23  0.23  0.23  0.23  0.23  0.23
## [2608]  0.23  0.23  0.23  0.23  0.23  0.23  0.23  0.23  0.23  0.23  0.23
## [2619]  0.23  0.23  0.23  0.23  0.23  0.23  0.23  0.23  0.23  0.23  0.23
## [2630]  0.23  0.23  0.23  0.23  0.23  0.23  0.23  0.23  0.23  0.23  0.23
## [2641]  0.24  0.24  0.24  0.24  0.24  0.24  0.24  0.24  0.24  0.24  0.24
## [2652]  0.24  0.24  0.24  0.24  0.24  0.24  0.24  0.24  0.24  0.24  0.24
## [2663]  0.24  0.24  0.24  0.24  0.24  0.24  0.24  0.24  0.24  0.24  0.24
## [2674]  0.25  0.25  0.25  0.25  0.25  0.25  0.25  0.25  0.25  0.25  0.25
## [2685]  0.25  0.25  0.25  0.25  0.25  0.25  0.25  0.25  0.25  0.25  0.25
## [2696]  0.25  0.25  0.25  0.25  0.25  0.25  0.25  0.25  0.25  0.25  0.25
## [2707]  0.25  0.25  0.25  0.25  0.25  0.25  0.25  0.26  0.26  0.26  0.26
## [2718]  0.26  0.26  0.26  0.26  0.26  0.26  0.26  0.26  0.26  0.26  0.26
## [2729]  0.26  0.26  0.26  0.26  0.26  0.26  0.26  0.26  0.26  0.26  0.26
## [2740]  0.26  0.26  0.26  0.26  0.26  0.26  0.26  0.26  0.26  0.26  0.26
## [2751]  0.26  0.27  0.27  0.27  0.27  0.27  0.27  0.27  0.27  0.27  0.27
## [2762]  0.27  0.27  0.27  0.27  0.27  0.27  0.27  0.27  0.28  0.28  0.28
## [2773]  0.28  0.28  0.28  0.28  0.28  0.28  0.28  0.28  0.28  0.28  0.28
## [2784]  0.28  0.28  0.28  0.28  0.28  0.28  0.28  0.28  0.28  0.28  0.28
## [2795]  0.28  0.28  0.28  0.28  0.28  0.28  0.29  0.29  0.29  0.29  0.29
## [2806]  0.29  0.29  0.29  0.29  0.29  0.29  0.29  0.29  0.29  0.29  0.29
## [2817]  0.29  0.29  0.29  0.29  0.29  0.29  0.29  0.29  0.29  0.29  0.29
## [2828]  0.29  0.29  0.29  0.29  0.29  0.29  0.30  0.30  0.30  0.30  0.30
## [2839]  0.30  0.30  0.30  0.30  0.30  0.30  0.30  0.30  0.30  0.30  0.30
## [2850]  0.30  0.30  0.30  0.30  0.30  0.30  0.30  0.30  0.30  0.30  0.30
## [2861]  0.31  0.31  0.31  0.31  0.31  0.31  0.31  0.31  0.31  0.31  0.31
## [2872]  0.31  0.31  0.31  0.31  0.31  0.31  0.31  0.31  0.31  0.31  0.31
## [2883]  0.31  0.31  0.31  0.32  0.32  0.32  0.32  0.32  0.32  0.32  0.32
## [2894]  0.32  0.32  0.32  0.32  0.32  0.32  0.32  0.32  0.32  0.32  0.32
## [2905]  0.32  0.32  0.32  0.32  0.32  0.32  0.33  0.33  0.33  0.33  0.33
## [2916]  0.33  0.33  0.33  0.33  0.33  0.33  0.33  0.33  0.33  0.33  0.33
## [2927]  0.33  0.33  0.33  0.34  0.34  0.34  0.34  0.34  0.34  0.34  0.34
## [2938]  0.34  0.34  0.34  0.34  0.34  0.34  0.34  0.34  0.34  0.34  0.34
## [2949]  0.35  0.35  0.35  0.35  0.35  0.35  0.35  0.35  0.35  0.35  0.35
## [2960]  0.35  0.35  0.35  0.35  0.35  0.35  0.35  0.35  0.35  0.36  0.36
## [2971]  0.36  0.36  0.36  0.36  0.36  0.36  0.36  0.36  0.36  0.36  0.37
## [2982]  0.37  0.37  0.37  0.37  0.37  0.37  0.37  0.37  0.37  0.37  0.37
## [2993]  0.37  0.37  0.37  0.37  0.38  0.38  0.38  0.38  0.38  0.38  0.38
## [3004]  0.38  0.38  0.38  0.38  0.38  0.38  0.38  0.38  0.38  0.38  0.38
## [3015]  0.38  0.39  0.39  0.39  0.39  0.39  0.39  0.39  0.39  0.39  0.39
## [3026]  0.39  0.39  0.39  0.39  0.40  0.40  0.40  0.40  0.40  0.40  0.40
## [3037]  0.40  0.40  0.41  0.41  0.41  0.41  0.41  0.41  0.41  0.41  0.42
## [3048]  0.42  0.42  0.42  0.42  0.42  0.42  0.42  0.42  0.42  0.42  0.42
## [3059]  0.42  0.42  0.42  0.42  0.42  0.42  0.43  0.43  0.43  0.43  0.43
## [3070]  0.43  0.43  0.43  0.43  0.43  0.43  0.44  0.44  0.44  0.44  0.44
## [3081]  0.44  0.44  0.44  0.44  0.45  0.45  0.45  0.45  0.45  0.45  0.45
## [3092]  0.45  0.46  0.46  0.46  0.46  0.46  0.46  0.46  0.47  0.48  0.48
## [3103]  0.48  0.48  0.48  0.48  0.48  0.48  0.49  0.49  0.49  0.49  0.49
## [3114]  0.50  0.50  0.50  0.50  0.50  0.50  0.50  0.50  0.50  0.50  0.51
## [3125]  0.51  0.51  0.51  0.52  0.52  0.52  0.53  0.53  0.53  0.53  0.54
## [3136]  0.54  0.55  0.55  0.55  0.56  0.56  0.56  0.56  0.56  0.56  0.57
## [3147]  0.57  0.57  0.58  0.58  0.58  0.58  0.58  0.59  0.59  0.60  0.60
## [3158]  0.61  0.61  0.61  0.62  0.63  0.64  0.64  0.64  0.64  0.66  0.67
## [3169]  0.67  0.67  0.68  0.68  0.68  0.71  0.71  0.71  0.74  0.74  0.74
## [3180]  0.75  0.76  0.76  0.77  0.79  0.80  0.80  0.81  0.83  0.86  0.88
## [3191]  0.92  0.97  0.97  1.02

While the above exploratory analysis is interesting, we decided that it would be more interesting to look at the states as a whole. There could be large outliers within each state with life expectancy and we didn’t want our data to be skewed by such outliers. So, we asked the question, “which state had the largest decline in life expectancy during this same time period?”"

#Create dataframe with only state avg
lestate <- ledata[!grepl("County", ledata$county),]
lestate <- lestate[!grepl("Area", lestate$county),]
lestate <- lestate[!grepl("Municipality", lestate$county),]
lestate <- lestate[!grepl("Borough", lestate$county),]
lestate <- lestate[!grepl("Parish", lestate$county),]
lestate <- lestate[!grepl("City", lestate$county),]
#Order of states with the largest decreased LE (from 2010 - 2014)
ind <- order(lestate$change) 
lestate$state[ind] 
##  [1] Mississippi           West Virginia         Kentucky             
##  [4] Oklahoma              Utah                  Arkansas             
##  [7] Indiana               Hawaii                New Mexico           
## [10] Tennessee             Kansas                New Hampshire        
## [13] Nebraska              Iowa                  Ohio                 
## [16] Louisiana             Alabama               Michigan             
## [19] Idaho                 Connecticut           North Dakota         
## [22] Missouri              Wyoming               Oregon               
## [25] Illinois              Wisconsin             Maine                
## [28] Alaska                Massachusetts         Montana              
## [31] Pennsylvania          Washington            Rhode Island         
## [34] Colorado              Minnesota             North Carolina       
## [37] South Dakota          Texas                 South Carolina       
## [40] United States         Arizona               Vermont              
## [43] Georgia               Virginia              New Jersey           
## [46] Maryland              Nevada                New York             
## [49] Delaware              Florida               California           
## [52] District of Columbia   District of Columbia
## 103 Levels:  Alabama  Alaska  Arizona  Arkansas  California ... Wyoming
lestate$change[ind]
##  [1] -0.04 -0.04 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.01 -0.01  0.01  0.01  0.02
## [12]  0.03  0.04  0.06  0.06  0.07  0.07  0.08  0.09  0.10  0.10  0.11
## [23]  0.13  0.14  0.15  0.15  0.16  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.17  0.18  0.18
## [34]  0.19  0.20  0.20  0.21  0.22  0.23  0.26  0.28  0.28  0.30  0.30
## [45]  0.33  0.37  0.37  0.37  0.39  0.44  0.48  0.67  0.67

From the above output, both Mississippi and West Virginia had the largest decline in life expectancy (-0.04 years) from 2010-2011. We decided to then do the rest of our analysis using these two states.

Going back to the county level, we wanted to check what the range of change in life expectancy was during this time period in each state. What percent of counties had a decline in life expectancy compared to an increase?

# Graph of change in le (from 2010-2014) in each county in Mississippi and West Virginia 
mle <- ledata %>% mutate(rn = row_number()) %>% filter(rn <= 1509, rn >= 1427)
wvle <- ledata %>% mutate(rn = row_number()) %>% filter(rn <= 3097, rn >= 3042)

P1 <- ggplot(data = mle, aes(x = reorder(county, -change), y = change)) +
  geom_boxplot() +
  geom_hline(yintercept = 0, col = "red") +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, hjust = 1)) +
  scale_y_continuous(limits = c(-0.5, 0.5)) +
  xlab("Counties") +
  ylab("Change in LE") +
  ggtitle("Change in Life Expectancy from 2010 - 2014 across Mississippi Counties") +
   theme(legend.position = "none",
        axis.text.x=element_blank()) 

G1 <- ggplot(data = wvle, aes(x = reorder(county, -change), y = change)) +
  geom_boxplot() +
  geom_hline(yintercept = 0, col = "red") +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, hjust = 1)) +
  scale_y_continuous(limits = c(-0.5, 0.5)) +
  ylab("Change in LE") +
  xlab("Counties") +
  ggtitle("Change in Life Expectancy from 2010 - 2014 across West Virginia Counties") +
  theme(legend.position = "none",
        axis.text.x=element_blank()) 
grid.arrange(P1, G1)
## Warning: Removed 1 rows containing non-finite values (stat_boxplot).

We can see from the graphs above that there were quite a few counties that had a decline in life expectancy. How many exactly were there?

# How many counties had negative change in LE
sum(mle$change < 0) #55 out of 82 counties have negative changes in LE in Mississippi
## [1] 55
sum(wvle$change <0) #34 out of 55 counties have negative changes in LE in West Virginia
## [1] 34

The above exploration caused us to want to look at the all cause mortality rates in these two states. We assume that with a decline in life expectancy that we would see an increase in cause mortality.

# All Cause Mortality in Mississippii and West Virginia
States <- c("Mississippi", "West Virginia")
label <- data.frame(location_name = States, x = c(2013,2012), y = c(1025,992))
two <- AllMortality %>% filter(location_name %in% c("Mississippi", "West Virginia"))
two2 <- filter(two, cause_id == 294, sex_id == 3) 
p1 <-  ggplot(data = two2, aes(year_id, mx, col = location_name)) 
p1 +  geom_line() +
   geom_text(data = label, aes(x, y, label = States), size = 5) +
  ggtitle("All Cause Mortality from 2010 - 2014") +
  ylab("All Cause Mortality Rates (Per 100,000)") +
  xlab("Year") +
   theme(legend.position = "none")

This graph above shows that both West Virginia and Mississippi saw an increase in all cause mortality rates, which corroborates our findings in our life expectancy decline exploration.

We did notice, however, that it is difficult to judge how these two states differ from the rest of the country. The y axis all cause mortality ranges from 980 - 1040, which is not a large gap contrary to what it looks like visually. We decided we needed a reference state to compare our two states to. We picked Hawaii, which had the largest life expectancy in 2014.

# Code to find highest LE in 2014:
ind <- order(lestate$LE2014) 
lestate$state[ind] 
##  [1] Mississippi           Alabama               Louisiana            
##  [4] West Virginia         Oklahoma              Arkansas             
##  [7] Kentucky              Tennessee             District of Columbia 
## [10]  District of Columbia South Carolina        Georgia              
## [13] Indiana               Missouri              North Carolina       
## [16] Ohio                  Nevada                Michigan             
## [19] New Mexico            Alaska                Texas                
## [22] Wyoming               Delaware              Kansas               
## [25] Pennsylvania          Montana               Illinois             
## [28] United States         Maryland              Virginia             
## [31] Maine                 Oregon                Florida              
## [34] Idaho                 South Dakota          Arizona              
## [37] Nebraska              Iowa                  Rhode Island         
## [40] Wisconsin             Utah                  North Dakota         
## [43] Washington            New Jersey            New Hampshire        
## [46] Colorado              Vermont               New York             
## [49] Massachusetts         Connecticut           California           
## [52] Minnesota             Hawaii               
## 103 Levels:  Alabama  Alaska  Arizona  Arkansas  California ... Wyoming
lestate$LE2014[ind]
##  [1] 74.91 75.65 75.82 76.03 76.09 76.18 76.26 76.33 76.86 76.86 76.89
## [12] 77.38 77.69 77.73 77.86 77.91 78.11 78.26 78.35 78.41 78.54 78.62
## [23] 78.72 78.74 78.76 78.93 79.02 79.08 79.16 79.18 79.32 79.44 79.48
## [34] 79.49 79.57 79.58 79.58 79.73 79.76 79.79 79.91 79.95 79.99 80.04
## [45] 80.15 80.21 80.24 80.36 80.41 80.56 80.82 80.90 81.15
# But how does that compare to the state that had the most improved LE from 2010 - 2014?
State <- c("Mississippi", "West Virginia", "Hawaii")
label <- data.frame(location_name = State, x = c(2013,2012, 2013), y = c(1010,975, 650))
three <- AllMortality %>% filter(location_name %in% c("Mississippi", "West Virginia", "Hawaii"))
three2 <- filter(three, cause_id == 294, sex_id == 3) 
p1 <-  ggplot(data = three2, aes(year_id, mx, col = location_name)) 
p1 +  geom_line() +
   geom_text(data = label, aes(x, y, label = State), size = 5) +
  ggtitle("All Cause Mortality from 2010-2014") +
    ylab("All Cause Mortality Rates (Per 100,000)") +
  xlab("Year") +
   theme(legend.position = "none")

We can now see that West Virginia and Mississippi had very similar trends in all cause mortality rates and that Hawaii, the state with the highest life expectancy, had a much lower all cause mortality rates throughout the five years of data. It is important in these types of graphs to have a reference category to compare to in order not to draw false inferences.

Next, we wanted to see how life expectancy decline and the County Health Rankings (CHR) compared to each other. How did the county with the largest decrease in life expectancy fare in CHR?

#How do the worst counties in each state for change in LE fair in the CHR ranking?

#Mississippi
ind <- order(mle$change) 
mle$county[ind] #Grenada County, -0.52
##  [1] Grenada County         Panola County          Carroll County        
##  [4] Neshoba County         Alcorn County          Webster County        
##  [7] Tishomingo County      Leake County           Harrison County       
## [10] Jones County           Benton County          Holmes County         
## [13] Covington County       Claiborne County       Franklin County       
## [16] Newton County          Tippah County          Yalobusha County      
## [19] Itawamba County        Hinds County           Coahoma County        
## [22] George County          Marshall County        Winston County        
## [25] Pontotoc County        Yazoo County           Amite County          
## [28] Jasper County          Tate County            Attala County         
## [31] Jefferson Davis County Smith County           Calhoun County        
## [34] Clarke County          Lee County             Lincoln County        
## [37] Clay County            Tunica County          Lowndes County        
## [40] Union County           Chickasaw County       Hancock County        
## [43] Pike County            Jefferson County       Monroe County         
## [46] Perry County           Humphreys County       Marion County         
## [49] Wilkinson County       Mississippi            Montgomery County     
## [52] Wayne County           Greene County          Lawrence County       
## [55] Leflore County         Copiah County          Quitman County        
## [58] Warren County          Stone County           Adams County          
## [61] Walthall County        Prentiss County        Sunflower County      
## [64] Washington County      Bolivar County         Tallahatchie County   
## [67] Pearl River County     Choctaw County         Jackson County        
## [70] Sharkey County         DeSoto County          Oktibbeha County      
## [73] Kemper County          Noxubee County         Simpson County        
## [76] Scott County           Madison County         Lafayette County      
## [79] Issaquena County       Forrest County         Lauderdale County     
## [82] Lamar County           Rankin County         
## 1928 Levels:  Abbeville County Acadia Parish Accomack County ... Ziebach County
mle$change[ind]
##  [1] -0.52 -0.44 -0.42 -0.42 -0.41 -0.40 -0.37 -0.34 -0.29 -0.28 -0.27
## [12] -0.27 -0.26 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.24 -0.24 -0.23 -0.21 -0.21
## [23] -0.20 -0.17 -0.16 -0.16 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.14 -0.14 -0.14 -0.13
## [34] -0.13 -0.13 -0.13 -0.12 -0.12 -0.11 -0.11 -0.10 -0.10 -0.08 -0.07
## [45] -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.05 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.03 -0.01 -0.01
## [56]  0.00  0.00  0.01  0.01  0.02  0.02  0.03  0.03  0.04  0.05  0.05
## [67]  0.05  0.06  0.06  0.07  0.08  0.08  0.10  0.10  0.11  0.12  0.13
## [78]  0.14  0.15  0.17  0.20  0.23  0.50
#West Virginia 
ind <- order(wvle$change) 
wvle$county[ind] #Logan County, 
##  [1] Logan County      Mingo County      Cabell County    
##  [4] Boone County      Wood County       Mercer County    
##  [7] Wyoming County    Clay County       Hancock County   
## [10] Berkeley County   Lewis County      Roane County     
## [13] Wayne County      Barbour County    McDowell County  
## [16] Webster County    Randolph County   Ritchie County   
## [19] Lincoln County    Putnam County     Braxton County   
## [22] Doddridge County  Fayette County    Upshur County    
## [25] Nicholas County   Wirt County       Harrison County  
## [28] Wetzel County     West Virginia     Jackson County   
## [31] Pleasants County  Gilmer County     Marshall County  
## [34] Preston County    Ohio County       Marion County    
## [37] Mason County      Tyler County      Calhoun County   
## [40] Monroe County     Grant County      Greenbrier County
## [43] Summers County    Pocahontas County Kanawha County   
## [46] Morgan County     Pendleton County  Tucker County    
## [49] Hardy County      Brooke County     Taylor County    
## [52] Monongalia County Raleigh County    Hampshire County 
## [55] Jefferson County  Mineral County   
## 1928 Levels:  Abbeville County Acadia Parish Accomack County ... Ziebach County
wvle$change[ind] #-0.37
##  [1] -0.37 -0.37 -0.31 -0.30 -0.29 -0.28 -0.25 -0.21 -0.21 -0.21 -0.21
## [12] -0.21 -0.19 -0.13 -0.12 -0.12 -0.12 -0.11 -0.10 -0.10 -0.09 -0.09
## [23] -0.09 -0.09 -0.08 -0.08 -0.06 -0.06 -0.04 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01
## [34] -0.01  0.00  0.01  0.02  0.02  0.02  0.03  0.06  0.06  0.06  0.07
## [45]  0.08  0.12  0.13  0.13  0.14  0.15  0.16  0.18  0.18  0.22  0.23
## [56]  0.35
#find rank
IV2 <- IV %>% filter(State == "West Virginia" | State == "Mississippi")
Grenada <- IV2 %>% filter(County == "Grenada")
Logan <- IV2 %>% filter(County == "Logan")
Logan 

Logan County, WV ranked 52 out of 55 counties for health outcomes and 51/55 for health factors in 2014.

Grenada 

Grenada County, MS ranked 45 out of 81 counties for health outcomes and 38/81 for health factors in 2014.

The county with the largest decrease in life expectancy in Mississippi ranked 51th out of 82 counties in 2015 (2014 data was not available) and the county in West Virginia with the largest decreased life expectancy ranked 49th out of 55 counties.

PCA

Motivation

Now that we know the two states with the greatest decline in life expectancy are Mississippi and West Virginia, let’s explore what explains the variation among the counties in those states. We know how County Health Rankings approach the 29 health measures, where they group them into four categories and weight them: Health Behaviors (30%), Clinical Care (20%), Social and Economic Factors (40%), and Physical Environment (10%).

We want to see if these group classifications and their weights hold up in explaining the declining life expectancy (and presumably poorer health) in Mississippi and West Virginia. Using PCA, if the 29 measures cluster differently than CHR’s four health factor categories, what kind of story does that tell us? What are shared county characteristics and how might they affect health? How can organizations like CHR take this story into account when computing future rankings, or how can states using information from PCA to address their less healthy residents?

We’ll begin by creating a data frame of ONLY z-scores for the 29 variables, for Misssissippi and West Virginia.

load(file= "zMS_WV.rda")
load(file="factornames.rda")

varMS <- zMS_WV%>% filter(State=="Mississippi")
varMS <- varMS[c(5:33)] 

varWV <- zMS_WV%>% filter(State=="West Virginia")
varWV <- varWV[c(5:33)] 

Mississippi

When we try to use prcomp on variables in Mississippi, we get an error since there are missing values.

# MS.pca <- prcomp(varMS,
#                  center = TRUE,
#                  scale. = TRUE) 

Turns out, there are 91 missing values across the 82 counties for MS.

sum(is.na(varMS))
## [1] 91
varMS.na.omit<- na.omit(varMS)

We could delete rows with missing data, but then we would lose half of our counties. Instead, we can fill in the missing values with 0s, or the mean.

varMS <- varMS %>% mutate_all(funs(ifelse(is.na(.), 0, .)))

With NAs replaced with 0s, we can try PCA again.

MS.pca <- prcomp(varMS,
                 center = TRUE,
                 scale. = TRUE) 
summary(MS.pca)
## Importance of components%s:
##                           PC1    PC2     PC3     PC4     PC5     PC6
## Standard deviation     2.8112 2.1523 1.34061 1.24388 1.16391 1.11945
## Proportion of Variance 0.2725 0.1597 0.06197 0.05335 0.04671 0.04321
## Cumulative Proportion  0.2725 0.4323 0.49422 0.54757 0.59429 0.63750
##                            PC7     PC8     PC9    PC10    PC11    PC12
## Standard deviation     1.05828 0.99470 0.97204 0.94193 0.89417 0.80898
## Proportion of Variance 0.03862 0.03412 0.03258 0.03059 0.02757 0.02257
## Cumulative Proportion  0.67612 0.71024 0.74282 0.77341 0.80098 0.82355
##                           PC13    PC14    PC15    PC16    PC17    PC18
## Standard deviation     0.79259 0.76744 0.76118 0.67438 0.66469 0.64433
## Proportion of Variance 0.02166 0.02031 0.01998 0.01568 0.01524 0.01432
## Cumulative Proportion  0.84521 0.86552 0.88550 0.90118 0.91642 0.93073
##                          PC19    PC20    PC21   PC22   PC23    PC24
## Standard deviation     0.6163 0.55260 0.51755 0.4786 0.4239 0.40614
## Proportion of Variance 0.0131 0.01053 0.00924 0.0079 0.0062 0.00569
## Cumulative Proportion  0.9438 0.95436 0.96359 0.9715 0.9777 0.98338
##                           PC25    PC26    PC27    PC28   PC29
## Standard deviation     0.36783 0.34096 0.31373 0.26678 0.2468
## Proportion of Variance 0.00467 0.00401 0.00339 0.00245 0.0021
## Cumulative Proportion  0.98804 0.99205 0.99545 0.99790 1.0000

From our summary of PCA for health factors in Missisippi, we see that the first PC accounts for 27.25% of variance. If we wanted to use four components, like the four fous areas that the CHR currently uses, then we would account for 54.7% of total variance. We would need 8 PCs to get to 71%, 11 to get to 80%, and 16 to get to 90%. At 16 PCs, it would be very difficult to keep track of 16 domains for something like the County Health Rankings, and even at 8 it is still unwieldly. Perhaps we should focus on a smaller number of components, but consider what each component is trying to tell us and also try the ‘rule of 1’ and looking at the ‘elbow’ of a scree plot.

The rule of 1, or retaining eigenvalues of 1 or more, would lead us to choosing seven principal components. Looking at the scree plot below, we would choose four principal components, since it appears that the variance levels off after four components.

screeplot(MS.pca, npcs = 29, type = "lines")

Let’s look at the loadings on the first four PCs and interpret what the loadings are trying to describe. The measures were color coded by what CHR categorized these measures into to compare their categorization and PCA’s categorization.

First, we create a data frame of the loadings and combine them with the CHR factor categories.

library(reshape2)
loadings <- as.data.frame(MS.pca$rotation) #create a data frame of PCA loadings

melted <-  melt(MS.pca$rotation[,1:4])

melted <- full_join(melted, factornames, by = c("Var1"= "Measure_Abb")) #join the CHR categories
## Warning: Column `Var1`/`Measure_Abb` joining factor and character vector,
## coercing into character vector

PC1

melted %>% filter(Var2=="PC1") %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = reorder(Measure,-value),y = value, fill=Factors)) + 
  geom_bar(stat="identity") + 
  facet_wrap(~Var2) + 
  xlab("Measures") + 
  ylab("Values") + 
  ggtitle("Loadings for PC1 (MS)") +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 60, hjust = 1))

The PC had high positive loadings for children in poverty, children in single parent households, unemployment, adult obesity, STIs, teen births, and inadequate social supports. There was also significant negative loading in the food environment index, indicating higher weights for counties that perform poorly here. PC1 can be interpreted as unstable or poor-resource home environments. It is important to note that loadings with higher measures were categorized as Health Behaviors and Social and Economic Environment had the highest loadings here, suggesting that the two categories may not be so different.

PC2

melted %>% filter(Var2=="PC2") %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = reorder(Measure,-value),y = value, fill=Factors)) + 
  geom_bar(stat="identity") + 
  facet_wrap(~Var2) + 
  xlab("Measures") + 
  ylab("Values") + 
  ggtitle("Loadings for PC2 (MS)") +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 60, hjust = 1))

PC2 sees higher positive weights for dentists, primary care physicians, mental health providers, college education, and violent crime. The greatest magnitude negative weights include long commutes driving alone. This PC can be interpreted as density of services, where there is a higher density of health care providers, opportunities for higher education, and incidentally, violent crime. The negative loading on long commute complements the higher loadings, where shorter driving/commuting distances are associted with urban settings.

PC3

melted %>% filter(Var2=="PC3") %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = reorder(Measure,-value),y = value, fill=Factors)) + 
  geom_bar(stat="identity") + 
  facet_wrap(~Var2) + 
  xlab("Measures") + 
  ylab("Values") + 
  ggtitle("Loadings for PC3 (MS)") +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 60, hjust = 1))

Severe housing problems and being uninsured have high positive loadings for PC3, while driving alone to work and alcohol-impaired driving deaths have high negative violations. CHR’s PHysical Environment categorization is more represented here, followed by one Clinical Care measure (uninsured) and one Health Behavior measure (alcohol-impaired driving deaths). Although this is more difficult to interpret, this PC describes being uninsured against accidents.

PC4

melted %>% filter(Var2=="PC4") %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = reorder(Measure,-value),y = value, fill=Factors)) + 
  geom_bar(stat="identity") + 
  facet_wrap(~Var2) + 
  xlab("Measures") + 
  ylab("Values") + 
  ggtitle("Loadings for PC4 (MS)") +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 60, hjust = 1))

Finally, PC4 sees high loading on air pollution and access to exercise opportunities, again alluding to the urban context but specifically referring to the inability to access the outdoors.

Weights

These four PCs can be assigned weights calculated by the percent of variance each PC accounts for divided by the total amount o variance the chosen PCs account for.

\[ Factor_1 = \frac{0.2725}{0.54748}, Factor_2 = \frac{0.1598}{0.54748}, Factor_3 = \frac{0.06199}{0.54748} ,Factor_4=\frac{0.05325}{0.54748} \]

The four PCs are the following: * 49.8% Resource-poor Home Environments * 29.2% Density of Services * 11.3% Uninsured * 9.7% No Outdoor Access

Interestingly for Mississippi, county scores on what CHR considers health measures actually fall into categories of home environemnts, access to providers, insurance, and outdoor activities. Our Principal Component Analaysis that being ‘healthy’ has a lot less to do with whether counties participate in healthy behaviors, but whether there are opportunities for individuals to grow up in healthy environments and seek affordable healthcare when they need it.

West Virginia

Now we’ll take a look at the same process for West Virginia.

varWV <- varWV %>% mutate_all(funs(ifelse(is.na(.), 0, .)))

WV.pca <- prcomp(varWV,
                 center = TRUE,
                 scale. = TRUE) 
summary(WV.pca)
## Importance of components%s:
##                           PC1    PC2     PC3     PC4     PC5     PC6
## Standard deviation     2.8283 1.9242 1.58948 1.41085 1.24774 1.19488
## Proportion of Variance 0.2758 0.1277 0.08712 0.06864 0.05368 0.04923
## Cumulative Proportion  0.2758 0.4035 0.49063 0.55927 0.61295 0.66219
##                            PC7     PC8    PC9   PC10    PC11    PC12
## Standard deviation     1.04369 0.97160 0.9497 0.9028 0.87014 0.86222
## Proportion of Variance 0.03756 0.03255 0.0311 0.0281 0.02611 0.02564
## Cumulative Proportion  0.69975 0.73230 0.7634 0.7915 0.81761 0.84325
##                           PC13    PC14    PC15    PC16    PC17    PC18
## Standard deviation     0.81395 0.72910 0.68355 0.64765 0.60978 0.56452
## Proportion of Variance 0.02285 0.01833 0.01611 0.01446 0.01282 0.01099
## Cumulative Proportion  0.86609 0.88442 0.90054 0.91500 0.92782 0.93881
##                           PC19    PC20    PC21    PC22   PC23    PC24
## Standard deviation     0.53505 0.52706 0.49824 0.48232 0.4029 0.37473
## Proportion of Variance 0.00987 0.00958 0.00856 0.00802 0.0056 0.00484
## Cumulative Proportion  0.94868 0.95826 0.96682 0.97484 0.9804 0.98528
##                           PC25   PC26    PC27   PC28    PC29
## Standard deviation     0.37134 0.3448 0.27575 0.2408 0.18972
## Proportion of Variance 0.00475 0.0041 0.00262 0.0020 0.00124
## Cumulative Proportion  0.99004 0.9941 0.99676 0.9988 1.00000
screeplot(WV.pca, npcs = 29, type = "lines")

Based on the scree plot, we can choose four principal components again.

loadings <- as.data.frame(WV.pca$rotation) #create a data frame of PCA loadings

melted <-  melt(WV.pca$rotation[,1:4])

melted <- full_join(melted, factornames, by = c("Var1"= "Measure_Abb")) #join the CHR categories
## Warning: Column `Var1`/`Measure_Abb` joining factor and character vector,
## coercing into character vector

PC1

melted %>% filter(Var2=="PC1") %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = reorder(Measure,-value),y = value, fill=Factors)) + 
  geom_bar(stat="identity") + 
  facet_wrap(~Var2) + 
  xlab("Measures") + 
  ylab("Values") + 
  ggtitle("Loadings for PC1 (WV)") +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 60, hjust = 1))

This time, we have high positive loading on some college education, availability of health care providers (dentistry, mental health, and primary care), and STIs and access to exercise opportunities. There is high negative loading on physical inactivity, adult obesity, injury deaths, and children in poverty. PC1 summarizes the domain of having access to health care providers and knowing how to seek care, as well as being more physically active and financially secure. This PC1 can be summarized as health engagement.

PC2

melted %>% filter(Var2=="PC2") %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = reorder(Measure,-value),y = value, fill=Factors)) + 
  geom_bar(stat="identity") + 
  facet_wrap(~Var2) + 
  xlab("Measures") + 
  ylab("Values") + 
  ggtitle("Loadings for PC2 (WV)") +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 60, hjust = 1))

In PC2, more measures have high positive loading than high negative loadings. The positive loadings include teen births, health care providers, violent crime, driving alone to work, STIs, inadequate social support, and injury deaths. Negative loadings include high school graduation, long commute/driving alone, and excessive drinking. This component appears less health related, but rather describes young and poor families in small towns. This is similar to the unstable home environment PC for Mississippi.

PC3

melted %>% filter(Var2=="PC3") %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = reorder(Measure,-value),y = value, fill=Factors)) + 
  geom_bar(stat="identity") + 
  facet_wrap(~Var2) + 
  xlab("Measures") + 
  ylab("Values") + 
  ggtitle("Loadings for PC3 (WV)") +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 60, hjust = 1))

For PC3, there are more negative loadings than positive. Negative loading includes excessive drinking, severe housing problems, drinking water violations, children in poor households, and being uninsured. There is high positive loading for food environment, followed by driving alone to work. This PC describes unhealthy consumption patterns and living in unsafe environments, and can be called toxic consumption.

PC4

melted %>% filter(Var2=="PC4") %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = reorder(Measure,-value),y = value, fill=Factors)) + 
  geom_bar(stat="identity") + 
  facet_wrap(~Var2) + 
  xlab("Measures") + 
  ylab("Values") + 
  ggtitle("Loadings for PC4 (WV)") +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 60, hjust = 1))

Finally, PC4 describes air pollution (similar to to Missisippi), as well as low diabetic screening and uninsurance rates. This PC is puzzling to interpret, though it should be noted that diabetic screening refers to the percentage of Medicare enrollees (age 65+) who receive HbA1c screening, while the uninsurance rate refers to the percent of the population under age 65 who do not have health insurance. Therefore, this PC might describe counties with younger, insured populations where pollution, and perhaps industry (coal), is present. This relationship was explored further with maps, where areas of low uninsurance arates and high pollution are northern counties bordering Pennsylvania. This PC could be called occupational health.

library(choroplethr)
## Loading required package: acs
## Warning: package 'acs' was built under R version 3.4.2
## Loading required package: stringr
## Loading required package: XML
## 
## Attaching package: 'acs'
## The following object is masked from 'package:gridExtra':
## 
##     combine
## The following object is masked from 'package:dplyr':
## 
##     combine
## The following object is masked from 'package:base':
## 
##     apply
library(choroplethrMaps)

WV_uninsure <- zMS_WV %>% select(FIPS, Uninsure_percent)
colnames(WV_uninsure) <- c("region", "value")

county_choropleth(WV_uninsure, 
                   title         = "Uninsured Z-Scores in West Virginia", 
                   legend        = "Uninsured  Z-Scores",
                   state_zoom    = "west virginia",
                   reference_map = TRUE)
## Map from URL : http://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/staticmap?center=38.625313,-80.646389&zoom=7&size=640x640&scale=2&maptype=terrain&language=en-EN&sensor=false
## Scale for 'x' is already present. Adding another scale for 'x', which
## will replace the existing scale.
## Scale for 'y' is already present. Adding another scale for 'y', which
## will replace the existing scale.
## Warning: Removed 1 rows containing missing values (geom_rect).

WV_air <- zMS_WV %>% select(FIPS, airpollution)
colnames(WV_air) <- c("region", "value")

county_choropleth(WV_air, 
                   title         = "Air Pollution Z-Scores in West Virginia", 
                   legend        = "Air Pollution Z-Scores",
                   state_zoom    = "west virginia",
                   reference_map = TRUE)
## Map from URL : http://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/staticmap?center=38.625313,-80.646389&zoom=7&size=640x640&scale=2&maptype=terrain&language=en-EN&sensor=false
## Scale for 'x' is already present. Adding another scale for 'x', which
## will replace the existing scale.
## Scale for 'y' is already present. Adding another scale for 'y', which
## will replace the existing scale.
## Warning: Removed 1 rows containing missing values (geom_rect).

\[ Factor_1 = \frac{0.2758}{0.55936}, Factor_2 = \frac{0.1277}{0.55936}, Factor_3 = \frac{0.08715}{0.55936} ,Factor_4=\frac{0.06866}{0.55936} \]

The four PCs for West Virginia are the following: * 49.3% Health Engagement * 22.8% Unstable Home Environment * 15.6% Toxic Consumption * 12.2% Occupational Health

CHR vs. PCA

“Historically Informed” Weights vs. Empirical Weights

On the County Health Ranking website, they discuss organizing 29 measures of health into four components and choosing weights based on “scientific research, available data, expert opinion, statistical analysis.” In our Principal Component Analysis, we used a purely empirical approach to analyze the variance across counties in the two states that saw the greatest decline in life expectancy. We wanted to see what matters most to ‘health’ in these states’ counties, and if the weights for the different categories would be different from CHR. However, once we actually performed the analysis on the 29 measures, we realized that the components were describing issues of welfare, the built and physical environment, and access to and engagement with health services. A table comparing the components and weights from CHR and our PCA analyses is shown below:

CHR Weights CHR Component
40% Social and Economic Environment
30% Health Behaviors
20% Clinical Care
10% Physical Environment
PCA Weights Mississippi PCA
49.8% Resource-poor Home Environments
29.2% Density of Services
11.3% Uninsured
9.7% No Outdoor Access
PCA Weights West Virginia PCA
49.3% Health Engagement
22.8% Unstable Home Environment
15.6% Toxic Consumption
12.2% Occupational Health

For CHR, a county’s health is determined largely by social and economic environments and health behaviors, which accounts for 70% of their overall health measure. For our PCA analyses, these social and economic determinants appeared in many of the principal components for both states, along with other measures that were considered separate from Social and Economic Factors by CHR– such as density of providers, unsafe drinking water, teen births, and air pollution. Our PCs for Mississippi and West Virginia highlight the social context of these environmental factors, and how they are so interconnected.

For example, our components determined for PCA in Mississippi described the importance of home and physical environments, as well as proximity to health services and being insured against accidents. In West Virginia, the components describe engagement with healthy activities, as well as again, poor home environments or toxic physical environments. These components emphasize the importance of where people live, where location determines the conditions that affect their health (pollution, unsafe housing, exercise opportunities), and how likely it is that they are able to access health services when care is needed (distance to providers and insurance).

Implications for our principal component analyses include focusing on the built and physical environments of communities Improving housing, environmental conditions, and ensuring access (geographically and financially) to health services, are likely to impact communites more than addressing specific health factors like STIs or monitoring diabetes. This contrasts from the implications of CHR’s weights, where physical environment and clinical care are thought to be different from social/economic factors and health behaviors.

What next?

With our PCA analyses, we were able to describe new patterns of health determinants and behaviors that differed from how CHR perceives health. CHR states that their mission in creating these rankings is to provide states with information about where and how to focus their energies in improving population health. We hope that a different approach to these rankings using PCA point to other patterns in population health, and encourage a more holistic, social welfare approach to improving health. PCA tells us that what are traditionally ‘health measures’ actually describe social well being as well, which should be a focus in public health efforts.